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      Tendências metodológicas para avaliação da adaptabilidade ao ambiente tropical Translated title: Methodological tendencies of adaptability evaluation to tropical environment

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          Abstract

          A adaptação dos animais ao ambiente criatório é essencial para o êxito de qualquer empreendimento pecuário. No Brasil, há algumas décadas, foram importadas inúmeras raças, oriundas de clima temperado, das mais diversas espécies de animais de produção, cujas progênies eram avaliadas e selecionadas em consideração apenas dos aspectos produtivos. Nos últimos dez anos, verificou-se que tanto criadores, como a comunidade acadêmica, despertaram para a valorização de aspectos adaptativos, ao selecionarem animais a serem criados nos mais diversos biomas brasileiros. Observa-se, assim, a valorização das raças nativas de pequenos ruminantes e zebuínos para a exploração de carne e leite. No entanto, avaliar e selecionar animais pelas características adaptativas requer uma padronização de parâmetros e metodologias para a colheita de dados confiáveis. Ao se considerar que a homeostase representa a condição de equilíbrio em um sistema biológico e que animais adaptados ao ambiente exibem claros sinais de homeostasia, procurou-se, neste trabalho, abordar uma metodologia fundamentada numa matriz multifatorial para avaliar a adaptação, na qual são consideradas as reações termorreguladoras, como forma de manter a homeotermia, indicadas pelas temperaturas retal e de superfície, acionamento da termólise evaporativa, representadas pela frequência respiratória e taxa de sudação. Para avaliação da homeostase recomenda-se a associação de reações endócrinas, tais como níveis circulantes de hormônios da tireoide e cortisol, aos parâmetros bioquímicos dentro da faixa de normalidade. Todos esses fatores, em equilíbrio, permitem aos animais expressar satisfatoriamente as funções reprodutiva e produtiva.

          Translated abstract

          The adaptation of animals to breeding environment is essential to the success of any livestock enterprise. In Brazil, some decades ago, several breeds were imported, originated from temperate climates, from various species of farm animals whose progeny were evaluated and selected taking into account only the productive aspects. In the last ten years it was found that both creators and the academic community awoke to the promotion of adaptive aspects when selecting animals to be created in many different biomes. There is thus, the recovery of native breeds of zebu cattle and small ruminants for meat and milk productions. However, evaluate and select animals for adaptive traits require the standardization of parameters and methodologies for the collection of reliable data. Whereas homeostasis represents the equilibrium condition in a biological system and that animals adapted to the environment exhibit clear signs of homeostasis, this study sought to address a methodology composed of a multifactorial matrix to evaluate the adaptation, which are considered the thermoregulatory reactions As a way to maintain homeothermy indicated by rectal and surface temperatures and activation of evaporative heat loss, represented by the respiratory rate and sweating rate. For evaluation of homeostasis is recommended the association of endocrine reactions, such as circulating levels of thyroid hormones and cortisol, to the biochemical parameters within the normal range. All of these factors in balance allow the animals to express satisfactorily the reproductive and productive roles.

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          Most cited references48

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          Heat tolerance in Brazilian sheep: physiological and blood parameters.

          Thirty Santa Ines adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant ewes, ten with a brown coat, ten black coated and ten white coated, as well as ten Bergamasca and ten of mixed breed were used to evaluate the effect of climate on physiological and blood parameters in sheep. Two sample collections were taken (6 AM: and 2 PM: ) on six days. Sweating rate (SR), heart (HR) and breathing rates (BR), complete hemogram, rectal (RT) and skin temperatures (ST) were measured. Variance analyses were carried out using SAS(R). In general, there were significant differences between animals due to skin type, time and day of collection. White coated animals showed lower HR, BR and RT, with afternoon parameters higher than morning. Correlations between HR, BR, RT, SR and ST were medium and positive. Correlations between physiological and blood traits were in general negative and medium. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total plasma proteins, red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration had high positive correlations between each other. The first two autovectors explained 49% of variation between traits. White coated Santa Ines animals were shown to be better adapted to climatic conditions in Central Brazil and wool sheep more affected by heat.
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            Parâmetros fisiológicos e índice de tolerância ao calor de bovinos da raça sindi no semi-árido paraibano

            Este trabalho foi conduzido no Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Paraíba. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas da raça Sindi, com idade média de 18 meses, com o objetivo de determinar os parâmetros fisiológicos e o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC). Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram observados pela manhã e à tarde, semanalmente, durante 3 meses em cada estação (chuvosa e seca). Durante o período experimental as temperaturas máximas foram de 32,2 ºC e 38,2 ºC e mínimas de 24 ºC e 26º C, e o índice de temperatura do globo e umidade (ITGU) na sombra à tarde foi de 88,8 e 88,7, nas estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. Observou-se efeito (P<0,05) de estações sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos (temperatura retal, freqüências respiratória e cardíaca) e os hematológicos. Contudo, os parâmetros observados encontram-se nos padrões normais para a espécie bovina. Com relação a tolerância ao calor, os animais apresentaram um índice de 9,83 (nove vírgula oitenta e três), que é considerado alto. Conclui-se que esta raça está bem adaptada às condições climáticas do semi-árido.
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              Effects of solar radiation and feeding time on behavior, immune response and production of lactating ewes under high ambient temperature.

              A 6-wk trial was performed with 40 late-lactation Comisana ewes, which were either exposed to or protected from solar radiation and fed either in the morning (EXPM, PROM) or afternoon (EXPA, PROA) during summer in a Mediterranean climate. Behavioral traits of ewes were recorded once per week from 0800 to 2000 h. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured twice weekly at 1430 h. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test was performed to induce nonspecific delayed-type hypersensitivity at d 10, 20, and 32 of the experiment. Jugular blood samples were taken from ewes at the beginning and at d 21 and 42 of the experiment. Ewe milk yield was recorded daily. Individual milk samples were analyzed weekly for milk composition, coagulating properties, somatic cell count (SCC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte counts (PMNLC) and every 2 wk for bacteriological characteristics. Solar radiation and the interaction of solar radiation x time of feeding had significant effects on rectal temperatures. EXPM ewes had higher rectal temperatures than EXPA ewes, which in turn exhibited higher RT compared with PROM and PROA ewes. EXP groups also had significantly higher respiration rates than PRO groups. Immune response was lower in EXPM ewes at d 10 and in EXPM, EXPA, and PROM animals at d 20 compared with PROA ewes. Exposure to solar radiation resulted in decreased plasma concentrations of alanine amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, potassium, and magnesium, as well as in increased levels of nonesterified fatty acids and aspartate amino-transferase. Milk yield and composition were not changed by exposure to solar radiation and time of feeding, but the EXPM treatment resulted in lower yields of casein and fat and reduced clot firmness compared with the three other treatments. Milk SCC was similar across treatments, but PMNLC was higher in EXPM than in PROM and PROA milk. EXPM animals also had the greatest amounts of total and fecal coliforms and of Pseudomonadaceae as well as the highest number of mastitis related pathogens in their milk. Results suggest that provision of shaded areas can play a major role in helping lactating ewes to minimize the adverse effects of high ambient temperatures on thermal balance and energy and mineral metabolism. Changing the time of feeding to late afternoon may be beneficial to exposed ewes in lowering their heat loads during the warmest hours of the day, thereby reducing the detrimental impact of thermal stress on immune function and udder health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbspa
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal
                Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim.
                UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia (Salvador, BA, Brazil )
                1519-9940
                March 2013
                : 14
                : 1
                : 91-103
                Affiliations
                [04] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Agropecuária Brasil
                [01] Mossoró Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Animais Brasil
                [02] Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi Árido Brasil
                [03] Sobral Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú Brasil
                Article
                S1519-99402013000100011
                10.1590/S1519-99402013000100011
                cf8f8f4f-f02b-461e-864a-4e867e63c47d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 November 2011
                : 29 May 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Produção Animal e Ambiente

                adaptation,livestock,metodology,adaptação,animais de produção,metodologia

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