For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
11
views
156
references
 Top references
cited by
34
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      155
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Occurrence, fate and removal of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Current knowledge and future perspectives

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic of global concern, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recently, many studies have documented the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and wastewater. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and wastewater poses serious implications for wastewater treatment. Thus, this review aims to understand the fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the urban water cycle and its inactivation in different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for effective control to prevent any recurrence of the outbreak. The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in feces of individuals tested positive has been reported to be in the range of 10 4-10 8 copies/L depending on the infection stages. In the wastewater, dilution of feces results in the decrease of the viral load in the range of 10 2-10 6.5 copies/L. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTP samples followingthe wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can complement real epidemiological data from clinical testing to help to monitor disease outbreaks in a community. Though promising, high uncertainty involved with the WBE technique warrants further research for reliable and quantitative information. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs depends on the operational parameters and is generally enhanced by the tertiary treatment and disinfection techniques with a higher dosage. However, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by the treated effluent intended to be disposed of or reused in the urban water cycle needs to be assessed with respect to the extent of viral infectivity.

          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • •

            Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in excreta of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases reported.

          • •

            Viral load in the feces of infected individual for SARS-CoV-2 is 10 4-10 8 copies/L.

          • •

            In wastewater, dilution of feces decreases SARS-CoV-2 viral load to 10 2-10 6.5 copies/L.

          • •

            High uncertainty in WBE warrants further research for early detection of outbreak.

          • •

            Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs enhanced by tertiary treatment and disinfection.

          Related collections

          Most cited references156

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

          Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)
          Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
          Article 0 comments Cited 12951 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found

            Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

            Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
            In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
            Article 0 comments Cited 10981 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

              Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
              Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
              Article 0 comments Cited 10295 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Environ Chem Eng
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Environ Chem Eng
                Title: Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 2213-2929
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-3437
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 December 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 December 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 104870
                Affiliations
                [0005]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar – 801 106, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2213-3437(20)31219-7 Publisher ID: 104870
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104870
                PMC ID: 7706426
                PubMed ID: 33282675
                SO-VID: cf6849bb-7534-481a-afeb-63e2c0818339
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 12 September 2020
                Date revision received : 12 November 2020
                Date accepted : 29 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: covid-19,gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms,shedding,wastewater-based epidemiology (wbe),urban water cycle,wastewater treatment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms, shedding, wastewater-based epidemiology (wbe), urban water cycle, wastewater treatment

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content155

                See all similar

                Cited by32

                See all cited by