Optical Thermography Infrastructure to Assess Thermal Distribution in Critically Ill Children

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Abstract

The temperature distribution at the skin surface could be a useful tool to monitor changes in cardiac output. Goal: The aim of this study was to explore infrared thermography as a method to analyze temperature profiles of critically ill children. Methods: Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were included in this study. An infrared sensor was used to take images in clinical conditions. The infrared core and limb temperatures (θ _c & θ _l) were extracted, as well as temperatures along a line drawn between these two regions. Results: The median [interquartile range] θ _c extracted from the images was 33.88°C [32.74-34.19] and the median θ _l was 30.21°C [28.89-33.13]. There was a good correlation between the θ _c and the clinical axillary temperature (rho = 0.39, p-value = 0.016). There was also a good correlation between the θ _c and θ _l (rho = 0.66, p-value = 1.2 e ⁻⁰⁵). Conclusion: Thermography was found to be effective to estimate the body temperature. Correlation with specific clinical conditions needs further study.

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Most cited references 13

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The relation of near-infrared spectroscopy with changes in peripheral circulation in critically ill patients.

Karolina Sikorska, Emmanuel Lesaffre, Jasper van Riet Paap … (2011)

We conducted this observational study to investigate tissue oxygen saturation during a vascular occlusion test in relationship with the condition of peripheral circulation and outcome in critically ill patients. Prospective observational study. Multidisciplinary intensive care unit in a university hospital. Seventy-three critically ill adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit. None. Patients were followed every 24 hrs until day 3 after intensive care admission. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure thenar tissue oxygen saturation, tissue oxygen saturation deoxygenation rate, and tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate after the vascular occlusion test. Measurements included heart rate, mean arterial pressure, forearm-to-fingertip skin-temperature gradient, and physical examination of peripheral perfusion with capillary refill time. Patients were stratified according to the condition of peripheral circulation (abnormal: forearm-to-fingertip skin-temperature gradient ≥4 and capillary refill time >4.5 secs). The outcome was defined based on the daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and blood lactate levels. Upon intensive care unit admission, 35 (47.9%) patients had abnormal peripheral perfusion (forearm-to-fingertip skin-temperature gradient >4 or capillary refill time >4.5 secs). With the exception of the tissue oxygen saturation deoxygenation rate, tissue oxygen saturation baseline and tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate were statistically lower in patients who exhibited abnormal peripheral perfusion than in those with normal peripheral perfusion: 72 ± 9 vs. 81 ± 9; p = .001 and 1.9 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.9; p = .001, respectively. When a mixed-model analysis was performed over time for estimate (s) calculation, adjusted to the condition of disease, we did not find a significant clinical effect between vascular occlusion test-derived tissue oxygen saturation measurements (as response variables) and mean systemic hemodynamic variables (as independent variables): tissue oxygen saturation vs. heart rate: s (95% confidence interval) = 0.007 (-0.08; 0.09); tissue oxygen saturation vs. mean arterial pressure: s (95% confidence interval) = -0.02 (-0.12; 0.08); tissue oxygen saturation deoxygenation rate vs. heart rate: s (95% confidence interval) = 0.002 (-0.0004; 0.006); tissue oxygen saturation deoxygenation rate vs. mean arterial pressure: s (95% confidence interval) - 0.0007 (-0.003; 0.004); tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate vs. heart rate: s (95% confidence interval) = -0.009 (-0.02; -0.0015); tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate vs. mean arterial pressure: s (95% confidence interval) = 0.01 (0.002; 0.018). However, there was a strong association between tissue oxygen saturation baseline and tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate with abnormal peripheral perfusion: tissue oxygen saturation vs. abnormal peripheral perfusion: s (95% confidence interval) = -10.1 (-13.9; -6.2); tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate vs. abnormal peripheral perfusion: s (95% confidence interval) =-10.1 (-13.9; -6.2); tissue oxygen saturation recovery rate vs. abnormal peripheral perfusion: s (95% confidence interval) = -1.1 (-1.4; -0.81). Poor outcome was more closely related to abnormalities in peripheral perfusion than to tissue oxygen saturation-derived parameters. We found that the condition of peripheral circulation in critically ill patients strongly influences tissue oxygen saturation resting values and the tissue oxygen saturation reoxygenation rate but not the tissue oxygen saturation deoxygenation rate. In addition, changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived variables were independent of condition of disease and were not accompanied by any major differences in systemic hemodynamic variables.

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Infrared thermography: experience from a decade of pediatric imaging.

Rajiv K. Saxena, G H Willital (2008)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of clinical application of infrared thermography (IRT) in the pediatric population and to identify pathological states that can be diagnosed as well as followed up using this non-invasive technique. In real time computer-assisted IRT, 483 examinations were performed over a period of 10 years from 1990-2000 on 285 patients in the pediatric age group (range 1 week-16 years) presenting with a wide range of pathologies. The temperature was measured in centigrade ( degrees C), and color images obtained were computer analyzed and stored on floppy discs. IRT was found to be an excellent noninvasive tool in the follow-up of hemangiomas, vascular malformations and digit amputations related to reimplantation, burns as well as skin and vascular growth after biomaterial implants in newborns with gastroschisis and giant omphaloceles. In the emergency room, it was a valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of extremity thrombosis, varicoceles, inflammation, abscesses, gangrene and wound infections. In conclusion, IRT can be performed in the pediatric age group, is non-invasive, without any biological side effects, requires no sedation or anesthesia and can be repeated as desired for follow-ups, with objective results that can demonstrated as colored images. Periodic thermographic studies to follow progression of lesions seem to be a useful and reproducible method for repeated and long-term examination.

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THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SKIN SURFACE

WILLIAM BIERMAN (1936)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Shcherbakova Monisha Shcherbakova Monisha:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1955-4594

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol

Journal ID (publisher-id): 0076400

Journal ID (publisher-id): OJEMB

Journal ID (coden): IOJEA7

Title: IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology

Publisher: IEEE

ISSN (Electronic): 2644-1276

Publication date Collection: 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 17 December 2021

Volume: 3

Issue part : 0

Pages: 1-6

Affiliations

[1] institutionEcole de Technologie Superieure, institutionringgold 514734; Montreal QC H3C1K3 Canada

[2] institutionCHU Sainte Justine Mother and Child Hospital of Montreal, institutionringgold 568063; Montreal QC H3T1C5 Canada

[3] institutionEcole de Technologie Superieure, institutionringgold 514734; Montreal QC H3T1C3 Canada

[4] institutionPediatric Intensive Care Unit of CHU Sainte Justine Mother and Child Hospital of Montreal, institutionringgold 568063; Montreal QC H3T1C5 Canada

Article

Publisher-manuscript ID: OJEMB-00076-2021

DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2021.3136403

PMC ID: 8975240

PubMed ID: 35399791

SO-VID: cf6794e3-4590-474e-abee-26cd0adc6a2a

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

History

Date received : 19 August 2021

Date revision received : 07 November 2021

Date accepted : 13 December 2021

Date: 01 February 2022

Page count

Figures: 6, Tables: 2, References: 16, Pages: 6

Funding

Funded by: institutionFonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec;

Funded by: institutionQuebec Ministry of Health and CHU Ste-Justine;

Funded by: fundref 10.13039/501100000038, institutionNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;

This work was supported in part by the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec, Quebec Ministry of Health and CHU Ste-Justine and in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Optical Thermography Infrastructure to Assess Thermal Distribution in Critically Ill Children

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Most cited references 13

The relation of near-infrared spectroscopy with changes in peripheral circulation in critically ill patients.

Infrared thermography: experience from a decade of pediatric imaging.

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SKIN SURFACE

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