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      Functional study of CHS gene family members in citrus revealed a novel CHS gene affecting the production of flavonoids

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          Abstract

          Background

          Citrus flavonoids are considered as the important secondary metabolites because of their biological and pharmacological activities. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme that catalyses the first committed step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. CHS genes have been isolated and characterized in many plants. Previous studies indicated that CHS is a gene superfamily. In citrus, the number of CHS members and their contribution to the production of flavonoids remains a mystery. In our previous study, the copies of CitCHS2 gene were found in different citrus species and the sequences are highly conserved, but the flavonoid content varied significantly among those species.

          Results

          From seventy-seven CHS and CHS-like gene sequences, ten CHS members were selected as candidates according to the features of their sequences. Among these candidates, expression was detected from only three genes. A predicted CHS sequence was identified as a novel CHS gene. The structure analysis showed that the gene structure of this novel CHS is very similar to other CHS genes. All three CHS genes were highly conserved and had a basic structure that included one intron and two exons, although they had different expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages. These genes also presented different sensitivities to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. In transgenic plants, the expression of CHS genes was significantly correlated with the production of flavonoids. The three CHS genes contributed differently to the production of flavonoids.

          Conclusion

          Our study indicated that CitCHS is a gene superfamily including at least three functional members. The expression levels of the CHS genes are highly correlated to the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The CHS enzyme is dynamically produced from several CHS genes, and the production of total flavonoids is regulated by the overall expression of CHS family genes.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1418-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references48

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          The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases.

          Michael B. Austin, Joseph P. Noel (2003)
          This review covers the functionally diverse type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily of plant and bacterial biosynthetic enzymes. from the discovery of chalcone synthase (CHS) in the 1970s through the end of 2001. A broader perspective is achieved by a comparison of these CHS-like enzymes to mechanistically and evolutionarily related families of enzymes, including the type I and type II PKSs, as well as the thiolases and beta-ketoacyl synthases of fatty acid metabolism. As CHS is both the most frequently occurring and best studied type III PKS, this enzyme's structure and mechanism is examined in detail. The in vivo functions and biological activities of several classes of plant natural products derived from chalcones are also discussed. Evolutionary mechanisms of type III PKS divergence are considered, as are the biological functions and activities of each of the known and functionally divergent type III PKS enzymc families (currently twelve in plants and three in bacteria). A major focus of this review is the integration of information from genetic and biochemical studies with the unique insights gained from protein X-ray crystallography and homology modeling. This structural approach has generated a number of new predictions regarding both the importance and mechanistic role of various amino acid substitutions observed among functionally diverse type III PKS enzymes.
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            Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review

            Elisa Tripoli, Maurizio La Guardia, Santo Giammanco … (2007)
            Article 0 comments Cited 209 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Flavonoids: new roles for old molecules.

              Charles Buer, Nijat Imin, Michael Djordjevic (2010)
              Flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions including defense, UV protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, and flower coloring. Interestingly, these compounds also have considerable biological activity in plant, animal and bacterial systems - such broad activity is accomplished by few compounds. Yet, for all the research over the last three decades, many of the cellular targets of these secondary metabolites are unknown. The many mutants available in model plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula are enabling the intricacies of the physiology of these compounds to be deduced. In the present review, we cover recent advances in flavonoid research, discuss deficiencies in our understanding of the physiological processes, and suggest approaches to identify the cellular targets of flavonoids.
              Article 0 comments Cited 204 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zhibin Wang: wangzhibin@ufl.edu
                Qibin Yu: qibin@ufl.edu
                Wanxia Shen: shenwanxia@cric.cn
                Choaa A. El Mohtar: mohtarc@ufl.edu
                Xiaochun Zhao: +86-136-5050-2551 , zhaoxiaochun@cric.cn
                Fredrick G. Gmitter Jr:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7499-0022
                +1-863-956-8878 , fgmitter@ufl.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Plant Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Plant Biol
                Title: BMC Plant Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2229
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 September 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 September 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 189
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.263906.8, Citrus Research Institute, , Southwest University, ; Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, GRID grid.15276.37, Citrus Research and Education Center, , University of Florida, ; 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7499-0022
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1418
                DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1418-y
                PMC ID: 6134715
                PubMed ID: 30208944
                SO-VID: cf3bfac5-3e36-448a-ba69-2bcf8d95f6b2
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 18 June 2018
                Date accepted : 5 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007565, Citrus Research and Development Foundation;
                Award ID: 00098334
                Funded by: New varieties, Development and Management Corporation, on behalf of the Florida citrus growers
                Award ID: AWD02897
                Funded by: 111 project
                Award ID: B18044
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: chalcone synthase,flavonoid,gene expression,gene silencing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: chalcone synthase, flavonoid, gene expression, gene silencing

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