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      The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and school bullying of affected children and adolescents: the need for continuous radiation education

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          Abstract

          The health threats of radiation-release incidents are diverse and long term. In addition to direct radiation effects, it is imperative to manage the indirect effects of radiation such as stigma, prejudice and broader mental health impacts. Six years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident of March 2011, bullying caused by stigma and prejudice toward evacuees, including children, has become a social problem in Japan. This phenomenon may be associated with the fact that knowledge about radiation has still not reached the general public, and to a potential lack of motivation among Japanese citizens to learn about radiation and bullying. Continuous and sustained education regarding radiation is warranted in order to enhance the general knowledge level about the effects of radiation in Japan after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and this education will become an important reference for education after future nuclear disasters.

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          Health effects of radiation and other health problems in the aftermath of nuclear accidents, with an emphasis on Fukushima.

          Arifumi Hasegawa, Koichi Tanigawa, Akira Ohtsuru … (2015)
          437 nuclear power plants are in operation at present around the world to meet increasing energy demands. Unfortunately, five major nuclear accidents have occurred in the past--ie, at Kyshtym (Russia [then USSR], 1957), Windscale Piles (UK, 1957), Three Mile Island (USA, 1979), Chernobyl (Ukraine [then USSR], 1986), and Fukushima (Japan, 2011). The effects of these accidents on individuals and societies are diverse and enduring. Accumulated evidence about radiation health effects on atomic bomb survivors and other radiation-exposed people has formed the basis for national and international regulations about radiation protection. However, past experiences suggest that common issues were not necessarily physical health problems directly attributable to radiation exposure, but rather psychological and social effects. Additionally, evacuation and long-term displacement created severe health-care problems for the most vulnerable people, such as hospital inpatients and elderly people.
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            Internal radiation exposure after the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster.

            Masaharu Tsubokura, Yukio Kanazawa, Kyohei Takahashi … (2012)
            Article 0 comments Cited 48 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Mental health consequences of the Chernobyl disaster.

              Evelyn Bromet (2012)
              The psychosocial consequences of disasters have been studied for more than 100 years. The most common mental health consequences are depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, medically unexplained somatic symptoms, and stigma. The excess morbidity rate of psychiatric disorders in the first year after a disaster is in the order of 20%. Disasters involving radiation are particularly pernicious because the exposure is invisible and universally dreaded, and can pose a long-term threat to health. After the Chernobyl disaster, studies of clean-up workers (liquidators) and adults from contaminated areas found a two-fold increase in post-traumatic stress and other mood and anxiety disorders and significantly poorer subjective ratings of health. Among liquidators, the most important risk factor was severity of exposure. In general population samples, the major risk factor was perceived exposure to harmful levels of radiation. These findings are consistent with results from A-bomb survivors and populations studied after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident. With regard to children, apart from findings from ecological studies that lack direct data on radiation or other teratologic exposures and local studies in Kiev, the epidemiologic evidence suggests that neither radiation exposure nor the stress of growing up in the shadow of the accident was associated with emotional disorders, cognitive dysfunction, or impaired academic performance. Thus, based on the studies of adults, the Chernobyl Forum concluded that mental health was the largest public health problem unleashed by the accident. Since mental health is a leading cause of disability, physical morbidity, and mortality, health monitoring after radiation accidents like Fukushima should include standard measures of well-being. Moreover, given the comorbidity of mental and physical health, the findings support the value of training non-psychiatrist physicians in recognizing and treating common mental health problems like depression in Fukushima patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Radiat Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Radiat. Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jrr
                Title: Journal of Radiation Research
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0449-3060
                ISSN (Electronic): 1349-9157
                Publication date (Print): May 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 April 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 09 April 2018
                Volume: 59
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 381-384
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgery, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima 975-0033, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Health Informatics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
                [3 ]Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
                [4 ]Global Public Health Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK
                [5 ]Department of Radiation Protection, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima 975-0033, Japan
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. Toyoaki Sawano, Department of Surgery, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima 975-0033, Japan. Tel: +81-244-223181; Fax: +81-244-228853; Email: toyoakisawano@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: rry025
                DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry025
                PMC ID: 5967459
                PubMed ID: 29635385
                SO-VID: ce00e1f6-952c-4133-8b6c-11d1829db87b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japan Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@ 123456oup.com

                History
                Date received : 05 October 2017
                Date revision received : 03 January 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: stigma,school bullying,psychological burden,fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant accident
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: stigma, school bullying, psychological burden, fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant accident

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