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      Morphological and cytogenetic characteristics of Neobisium (Blothrus) slovacum Gulička, 1977 (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae), the northernmost troglobitic species of the subgenus Blothrus in Europe

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          Abstract

          A redescription is provided of the adult, tritonymph and deutonymph life stages of the troglobitic Neobisium ( Blothrus) slovacum Gulička, 1977, which is known from Slovakia and Hungary. Material examined included 35 previously deposited museum specimens and 15 newly collected specimens. In addition, the karyotype and distribution of 18S rDNA clusters are described, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The male karyotype of N. slovacum comprises 69 chromosomes, with a predominance of biarmed chromosomes, and an X0 sex chromosome system. Two pairs of signals for 18S rDNA on biarmed chromosomes (submetacentric and metacentric) of different sizes were identified. The present study provides the first information about the distribution of these clusters in the arachnid order Pseudoscorpiones . The geographic distribution of the species is summarized and mapped. Neobisium slovacum is endemic to the Slovak and Aggtelek Karst area in southern Slovakia and north-western Hungary, where it has been recorded from 16 caves. One of these, Hačavská cave (in Slovakia), is the northernmost locality known for any species of the subgenus Blothrus .

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          A new and endangered species of the pseudoscorpion genus Lagynochthonius from a cave in Vietnam, with notes on chelal morphology and the composition of the Tyrannochthoniini (Arachnida, Chelonethi, Chthoniidae)

          Lagynochthonius fragilis n. sp. is described from a limestone cave in the Hong Chong karst of Kien Giang Province, southern Vietnam, which is currently threatened by quarrying activities. This is the first record of a troglomorphic species of Lagynochthonius Beier, 1951 from continental Asia. The presence of chemosensory setae on the dorsum of the chelal palm is interpreted as a synapomorphy of the tribe Tyrannochthoniini Chamberlin, 1962. The New Zealand genus Maorichthonius Chamberlin, 1925 is transferred from the Chthoniini Daday, 1888 to the Tyrannochthoniini. The genus Tyrannochthoniella Beier, 1966, also endemic to New Zealand, is assigned to the tribe Chthoniini Daday, 1888. The genus Stygiochthonius Carabajal Márquez, García Carrillo & Rodríguez Fernández, 2001, from southern Spain, is synonymized with Paraliochthonius Beier, 1956 (n. subj. syn.). Five new combinations are proposed: Lagynochthonius ovatus Vitali-di Castri, 1984 (ex Tyrannochthonius); Paraliochthonius barrancoi (Carabajal Márquez, García Carrillo & Rodríguez Fernández, 2001) (ex Stygiochthonius); P. curvidigitatus (Mahnert, 1997) (ex Lagynochthonius); P. setiger (Mahnert, 1997) (ex Tyrannochthonius); and P. superstes (Mahnert, 1986) (ex Tyrannochthonius). A key is given to the genera of the Tyrannochthoniini. The parallel evolution in several groups of pseudoscorpions of a characteristic chelal morphology, here termed lagyniform, is discussed. New designations are proposed for the spot-sensilla of the chelal fingers. The so-called ‘sensorium’ near the tip of the fixed chelal finger of Lagynochthonius species is shown to be a modified tooth that has migrated dorsally from the dental margin. The new term rallum is introduced as a replacement for the inappropriate term ‘flagellum’, as applied to the cheliceral blades of pseudoscorpions. The term bothridial vestibulum is introduced for the internal cuticular sheath at the base of the bothridia of the trichobothria.Lagynochthonius fragilis n. sp. est décrit d’une grotte calcaire de la province de Kien Giang, au sud du Vietnam, actuellement menacée par une exploitation de carrière. Elle est la première espèce troglomorphe du genre Lagynochthonius Beier, 1951 connue de l’Asie continentale. La présence des soies chemosensorielles sur la main de la pince est interprétée comme une synapomorphie de la tribu des Tyrannochthoniini Chamberlin, 1962. Le genre néo-zélandais Maorichthonius Chamberlin, 1925 est transféré des Chthoniini Daday à la tribu des Tyrannochthoniini. Le genre Tyrannochthoniella Beier, 1966, également endémique de la Nouvelle Zélande, est attribué à la tribu des Chthoniini Daday, 1888. Le genre Stygiochthonius Carabajal Márquez, García Carrillo & Rodríguez Fernández, 2001, du sud de l’Espagne, est mis en synonymie avec Paraliochthonius Beier, 1956 (n. syn. subj.). Cinq combinaisons nouvelles sont proposées : Lagynochthonius ovatus Vitali-di Castri, 1984 (ex Tyrannochthonius) ; Paraliochthonius barrancoi (Carabajal Márquez, García Carrillo & Rodríguez Fernández, 2001) (ex Stygiochthonius) ; P. curvidigitatus (Mahnert, 1997) (ex Lagynochthonius) ; P. setiger (Mahnert, 1997) (ex Tyrannochthonius) ; et P. superstes (Mahnert, 1986) (ex Tyrannochthonius). Une clé de détermination des genres de Tyrannochthoniini est fournite. L’évolution parallèle des facies caractéristiques de la pince, ici qualifié de “ lagyniforme ”, est évoquée chez plusieurs groupes de pseudoscorpions. Desnouveaux sigles sont proposés pour les sensilles punctiformes des doigts de la pince. Il est démontré que le “ sensorium ” à l’extrémité du doigt fixe de la pince des espèces de Lagynochthonius est une dent modifiée qui a migré dorsalement dès la marge dentale. Le terme inapproprié de “ flagelle ”, dans le sens de son application aux lames chélicèriennes des pseudoscorpions, est remplacé par rallum. Le terme nouveau vestibule trichobothriale est introduit pour la gaine cuticulaire à la base des bothridies des trichobothries.
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            Sex chromosome pairing and extensive NOR polymorphism in Wadicosa fidelis (Araneae: Lycosidae).

            In terms of cytogenetics, entelegyne araneomorphs are the best studied clade of spiders. The typical karyotype of entelegyne males consists of acrocentric chromosomes, including 2 non-homologous X chromosomes. The present study is focused on the karyotype, nucleolus organising regions (NORs) and sex chromosome behaviour during meiosis of the entelegyne Wadicosa fidelis (Lycosidae). Preparations stained by Giemsa were used to study karyotype and meiosis. NORs were visualised by silver staining and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with 18S rDNA probe. The male karyotype consists of 28 acrocentric elements, including 2 X chromosomes. In contrast to the majority of other spiders, the male sex chromosomes pair during the major part of meiosis. Following an initial period of parallel pairing, the attachment of male sex chromosomes is restricted to centromeric areas and continues until metaphase II. Our study revealed an enormous number of NORs in the population from Galilee and indicates a considerable variability of NOR numbers in this population. The distal regions of 9 or 10 autosomal pairs contain NORs. The obtained data indicate the rapid spread of NORs in the karyotype of W. fidelis, which was presumably caused by ectopic recombinations and subsequent hybridisations of individuals with different NOR genotypes that produced heterozygotes.
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              The arachnid order Chelonethida. Stanford University Publications.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2019
                15 January 2019
                : 817
                : 113-130
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia
                [2 ] Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic Charles University Prague Czech Republic
                [3 ] Slovak Caves Administration, Železničná 31, SK-979 01 Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia Slovak Caves Administration Rimavská Sobota Slovakia
                [4 ] Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia Šafárik University Košice Slovakia
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Martina Červená ( martinacervena.lr@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: M. Judson

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2634-8702
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-2128
                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.817.27189
                6342903
                cdee8772-88f4-46ec-b9be-238106e25c95
                Martina Červená, František ťáhlavský, Vladimír apáč, Ľubomír K váč, Jana Christophoryová

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 June 2018
                : 3 December 2018
                Categories
                Research Article
                Animalia
                Arachnida
                Arthropoda
                Chelicerata
                Invertebrata
                Neobisiidae
                Neobisioidea
                Pseudoscorpiones
                Karyosystematics
                Systematics
                Taxonomy
                Central Europe
                Europe
                Slovakia

                Animal science & Zoology
                distribution,endemic,fish,sex chromosome,slovak karst,troglobitic,18s rdna,animalia,pseudoscorpiones,neobisiidae

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