Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands

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Abstract

To assess differences and trends in personal chemical exposure, volunteers from 14 communities in Africa (Senegal, South Africa), North America (United States (U.S.)) and South America (Peru) wore 262 silicone wristbands. We analysed wristband extracts for 1530 unique chemicals, resulting in 400 860 chemical data points. The number of chemical detections ranged from 4 to 43 per wristband, with 191 different chemicals detected, and 1339 chemicals were not detected in any wristband. No two wristbands had identical chemical detections. We detected 13 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in over 50% of all wristbands and found 36 chemicals in common between chemicals detected in three geographical wristband groups (Africa, North America and South America). U.S. children (less than or equal to 11 years) had the highest percentage of flame retardant detections compared with all other participants. Wristbands worn in Texas post-Hurricane Harvey had the highest mean number of chemical detections (28) compared with other study locations (10–25). Consumer product-related chemicals and phthalates were a high percentage of chemical detections across all study locations (36–53% and 18–42%, respectively). Chemical exposures varied among individuals; however, many individuals were exposed to similar chemical mixtures. Our exploratory investigation uncovered personal chemical exposure trends that can help prioritize certain mixtures and chemical classes for future studies.

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Most cited references 63

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Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.

Ike van der Veen, Jacob de Boer (2012)

Since the ban on some brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), which were responsible for 20% of the flame retardant (FR) consumption in 2006 in Europe, are often proposed as alternatives for BFRs. PFRs can be divided in three main groups, inorganic, organic and halogen containing PFRs. Most of the PFRs have a mechanism of action in the solid phase of burning materials (char formation), but some may also be active in the gas phase. Some PFRs are reactive FRs, which means they are chemically bound to a polymer, whereas others are additive and mixed into the polymer. The focus of this report is limited to the PFRs mentioned in the literature as potential substitutes for BFRs. The physico-chemical properties, applications and production volumes of PFRs are given. Non-halogenated PFRs are often used as plasticisers as well. Limited information is available on the occurrence of PFRs in the environment. For triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresylphosphate (TCP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) a number of studies have been performed on their occurrence in air, water and sediment, but limited data were found on their occurrence in biota. Concentrations found for these PFRs in air were up to 47 μg m(-3), in sediment levels up to 24 mg kg(-1) were found, and in surface water concentrations up to 379 ng L(-1). In all these matrices TCPP was dominant. Concentrations found in dust were up to 67 mg kg(-1), with TDCPP being the dominant PFR. PFR concentrations reported were often higher than polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations, and the human exposure due to PFR concentrations in indoor air appears to be higher than exposure due to PBDE concentrations in indoor air. Only the Cl-containing PFRs are carcinogenic. Other negative human health effects were found for Cl-containing PFRs as well as for TCP, which suggest that those PFRs would not be suitable alternatives for BFRs. TPhP, diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP) and TCP would not be suitable alternatives either, because they are considered to be toxic to (aquatic) organisms. Diethylphosphinic acid is, just like TCEP, considered to be very persistent. From an environmental perspective, resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol-A diphenyl phosphate (BADP) and melamine polyphosphate, may be suitable good substitutes for BFRs. Information on PFR analysis in air, water and sediment is limited to TCEP, TCPP, TPhP, TCP and some other organophosphate esters. For air sampling passive samplers have been used as well as solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes, SPE cartridges, and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). For extraction of PFRs from water SPE is recommended, because this method gives good recoveries (67-105%) and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) (<20%), and offers the option of on-line coupling with a detection system. For the extraction of PFRs from sediment microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is recommended. The recoveries (78-105%) and RSDs (3-8%) are good and the method is faster and requires less solvent compared to other methods. For the final instrumental analysis of PFRs, gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), GC-atomic emission detection (AED), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and GC-Inductively-coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) are used. GC-ICP-MS is a promising method, because it provides much less complex chromatograms while offering the same recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) (instrumental LOD is 5-10 ng mL(-1)) compared to GC-NPD and GC-MS, which are frequently used methods for PFR analysis. GC-MS offers a higher selectivity than GC-NPD and the possibility of using isotopically labeled compounds for quantification. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.

Carl-Elis Boström, Per Gerde, Annika Hanberg … (2002)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Domestic wood burning and road traffic are the major sources of PAHs in Sweden. In Stockholm, the sum of 14 different PAHs is 100-200 ng/m(3) at the street-level site, the most abundant being phenanthrene. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varies between 1 and 2 ng/m(3). Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. B[a]P is the main indicator of carcinogenic PAHs. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high concentrations in ambient air and because it is an experimental carcinogen in certain test systems. Thus, fluoranthene is suggested as a complementary indicator to B[a]P. The most carcinogenic PAH identified, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is also suggested as an indicator, although it occurs at very low concentrations. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data. According to the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the unit risk is 9 X 10(-5) per ng/m(3) of B[a]P as indicator of the total PAH content, namely, lifetime exposure to 0.1 ng/m(3) would theoretically lead to one extra cancer case in 100,000 exposed individuals. This concentration of 0.1 ng/m(3) of B[a]P is suggested as a health-based guideline. Because the carcinogenic potency of fluoranthene has been estimated to be approximately 20 times less than that of B[a]P, a tentative guideline value of 2 ng/m(3) is suggested for fluoranthene. Other significant PAHs are phenanthrene, methylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene (high air concentrations), and large-molecule PAHs such as dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (high carcinogenicity). Additional source-specific indicators are benzo[ghi]perylene for gasoline vehicles, retene for wood combustion, and dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene for sulfur-containing fuels.

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eulerAPE: Drawing Area-Proportional 3-Venn Diagrams Using Ellipses

Luana Micallef, Peter Rodgers (2014)

Venn diagrams with three curves are used extensively in various medical and scientific disciplines to visualize relationships between data sets and facilitate data analysis. The area of the regions formed by the overlapping curves is often directly proportional to the cardinality of the depicted set relation or any other related quantitative data. Drawing these diagrams manually is difficult and current automatic drawing methods do not always produce appropriate diagrams. Most methods depict the data sets as circles, as they perceptually pop out as complete distinct objects due to their smoothness and regularity. However, circles cannot draw accurate diagrams for most 3-set data and so the generated diagrams often have misleading region areas. Other methods use polygons to draw accurate diagrams. However, polygons are non-smooth and non-symmetric, so the curves are not easily distinguishable and the diagrams are difficult to comprehend. Ellipses are more flexible than circles and are similarly smooth, but none of the current automatic drawing methods use ellipses. We present eulerAPE as the first method and software that uses ellipses for automatically drawing accurate area-proportional Venn diagrams for 3-set data. We describe the drawing method adopted by eulerAPE and we discuss our evaluation of the effectiveness of eulerAPE and ellipses for drawing random 3-set data. We compare eulerAPE and various other methods that are currently available and we discuss differences between their generated diagrams in terms of accuracy and ease of understanding for real world data.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): R Soc Open Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): R Soc Open Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): RSOS

Journal ID (hwp): royopensci

Title: Royal Society Open Science

Publisher: The Royal Society

ISSN (Electronic): 2054-5703

Publication date Collection: February 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 6 February 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 6 February 2019

Volume: 6

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 181836

Affiliations

[1 ]Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR, USA

[2 ]Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR, USA

[3 ]Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR, USA

[4 ]College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR, USA

[5 ]Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[6 ]Department of Medicine, Environmental Health Section, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[7 ]Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[8 ]Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[9 ]College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[10 ]Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA

[11 ]Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA

[12 ]Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI, USA

[13 ]Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, WA, USA

Author notes

Author for correspondence: Kim A. Anderson e-mail: kim.anderson@ 123456oregonstate.edu

This article has been edited by the Royal Society of Chemistry, including the commissioning, peer review process and editorial aspects up to the point of acceptance.

Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4375811.

Author information

Holly M. Dixon http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-4477

Carolyn M. Poutasse http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-044X

Katrina M. Waters http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-5396

Kim A. Anderson http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5258-2925

Article

Publisher ID: rsos181836

DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181836

PMC ID: 6408398

PubMed ID: 30891293

SO-VID: cdc55d83-fc45-43bc-bde6-e1ccab3a03b3

License:

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 28 October 2018

Date accepted : 14 January 2019

Funding

Funded by: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000066;

Award ID: P20 ES000210

Award ID: P30 ES000210

Award ID: P30 ES006096

Award ID: P42 ES012016465

Award ID: R01 ES008739

Award ID: R21 ES020120

Award ID: R24 TW009550

Award ID: R33 ES024718

Award ID: T32 ES007060

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cover-date February, 2019

Keywords: chemical mixtures,endocrine disruptor chemicals,semivolatile organic compounds,flame retardants,phthalates,exposure science

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Keywords: chemical mixtures, endocrine disruptor chemicals, semivolatile organic compounds, flame retardants, phthalates, exposure science

Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands

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Most cited references 63

Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis.

Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air.

eulerAPE: Drawing Area-Proportional 3-Venn Diagrams Using Ellipses

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