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      Metodología para el entrenamiento de la marcha convencional en pacientes con lesiones medulares. Estudio preliminar Translated title: Methodology for conventional gait training in patients with spinal injuries. Preliminary study Translated title: Metodologia para o treinamento de marcha convencional em pacientes com lesões medulares. Estudo preliminar

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La lesión de la médula espinal es un estado médico complejo que trastorna la vida de las personas que la padecen, los afectados pasan a ser dependientes por las múltiples secuelas que le acompañan entre las que se destaca la pérdida de la marcha, erigiéndose como una de las prioridades en la neurorrehabilitación. La mayoría de los programas internacionales de neurorrehabilitación no incluyen una metodología definida para la recuperación de la marcha de los pacientes lesionados medulares. Los especialistas del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica crearon una metodología con este fin. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el comportamiento de la aplicación de la metodología, con una muestra de cinco pacientes atendidos en la institución y se utilizaron métodos de análisis de contenido, observación y medición. Los pacientes de la muestra se evaluaron antes y después de aplicada la metodología con las escalas SCIM III, WISCI II. El tratamiento duró ocho semanas para cada paciente. Los resultados mostraron un incremento de la capacidad funcional de la marcha en los pacientes, sin la presencia de complicaciones. Se presupone que el empleo de la metodología puede garantizar un proceso funcional para el entrenamiento de la marcha, de forma organizada en pacientes lesionados medulares.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Spinal cord injury is a complex medical condition that disrupts the lives of people who suffer from it, those affected become dependent due to the multiple sequelae that accompany it, among which the loss of gait stands out, standing as one of priorities in neurorehabilitation. Most international neurorehabilitation programs do not include a defined methodology for gait recovery in spinal cord injured patients. Specialists from the International Center for Neurological Restoration created a methodology for this purpose. The objective of the study was to verify the behavior of the application of the methodology with a sample of 5 patients treated at the institution using content analysis, observation and measurement methods. The patients in the sample were evaluated before and after applying the methodology with the SCIM III, WISCI II scales. Treatment lasted 8 weeks for each patient. The results showed an increase in the functional capacity of walking in the patients, without the presence of complications. It is assumed that the use of the methodology can guarantee a functional process for gait training, in an organized manner in patients with spinal cord injuries.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A lesão medular é uma condição médica complexa que perturba a vida das pessoas que sofrem com ela, e os afetados se tornam dependentes devido às múltiplas seqüelas que a acompanham, entre as quais se destaca a perda da caminhada, tornando-a uma das prioridades na neuroreabilitação. A maioria dos programas internacionais de neuroreabilitação não inclui uma metodologia definida para a recuperação de pacientes com lesões da medula espinhal. Os especialistas do Centro Internacional de Restauração Neurológica desenvolveram uma metodologia para este fim. O objetivo do estudo foi testar o comportamento da aplicação da metodologia, com uma amostra de cinco pacientes tratados na instituição, utilizando métodos de análise de conteúdo, observação e medição. Os pacientes da amostra foram avaliados antes e depois da aplicação da metodologia com as escalas SCIM III e WISCI II. O tratamento durou oito semanas para cada paciente. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na capacidade de marcha funcional dos pacientes, sem a presença de complicações. Assume-se que o uso da metodologia pode garantir um processo funcional para o treinamento da marcha de forma organizada em pacientes lesionados pela medula espinhal.

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          The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration

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            Clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury: systematic review with meta-analysis

            Background Powered exoskeletons are designed to safely facilitate ambulation in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We conducted the first meta-analysis of the available published research on the clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeletons in SCI patients. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with SCI. Main outcomes were analyzed using fixed and random effects meta-analysis models. Results A total of 14 studies (eight ReWalk™, three Ekso™, two Indego®, and one unspecified exoskeleton) representing 111 patients were included in the analysis. Training programs were typically conducted three times per week, 60–120 minutes per session, for 1–24 weeks. Ten studies utilized flat indoor surfaces for training and four studies incorporated complex training, including walking outdoors, navigating obstacles, climbing and descending stairs, and performing activities of daily living. Following the exoskeleton training program, 76% of patients were able to ambulate with no physical assistance. The weighted mean distance for the 6-minute walk test was 98 m. The physiologic demand of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking was 3.3 metabolic equivalents and rating of perceived exertion was 10 on the Borg 6–20 scale, comparable to self-reported exertion of an able-bodied person walking at 3 miles per hour. Improvements in spasticity and bowel movement regularity were reported in 38% and 61% of patients, respectively. No serious adverse events occurred. The incidence of fall at any time during training was 4.4%, all occurring while tethered using a first-generation exoskeleton and none resulting in injury. The incidence of bone fracture during training was 3.4%. These risks have since been mitigated with newer generation exoskeletons and refinements to patient eligibility criteria. Conclusion Powered exoskeletons allow patients with SCI to safely ambulate in real-world settings at a physical activity intensity conducive to prolonged use and known to yield health benefits.
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              Robotic Rehabilitation and Spinal Cord Injury: a Narrative Review

              Mobility after spinal cord injury (SCI) is among the top goals of recovery and improvement in quality of life. Those with tetraplegia rank hand function as the most important area of recovery in their lives, and those with paraplegia, walking. Without hand function, emphasis in rehabilitation is placed on accessing one’s environment through technology. However, there is still much reliance on caretakers for many activities of daily living. For those with paraplegia, if incomplete, orthoses exist to augment walking function, but they require a significant amount of baseline strength and significant energy expenditure to use. Options for those with motor complete paraplegia have traditionally been limited to the wheelchair. While wheelchairs provide a modified level of independence, wheelchair users continue to face difficulties in access and mobility. In the past decade, research in SCI rehabilitation has expanded to include external motorized or robotic devices that initiate or augment movement. These robotic devices are used with 2 goals: to enhance recovery through repetitive, functional movement and increased neural plasticity and to act as a mobility aid beyond orthoses and wheelchairs. In addition, lower extremity exoskeletons have been shown to provide benefits to the secondary medical conditions after SCI such as pain, spasticity, decreased bone density, and neurogenic bowel. In this review, we discuss advances in robot-guided rehabilitation after SCI for the upper and lower extremities, as well as potential adjuncts to robotics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-018-0642-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpp
                Podium. Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física
                Rev Podium
                Universidad de Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca (Pinar del Río, , Cuba )
                1996-2452
                December 2021
                : 16
                : 3
                : 757-771
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameCentro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (CIREN) Cuba
                Article
                S1996-24522021000300757 S1996-2452(21)01600300757
                cd7b5d7f-c980-4cc0-ab4b-3c8f302a1e38

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 July 2021
                : 07 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                Neurorrehabilitación,Spinal cord injury,Neurorehabilitation,Gait.,Neurología,Lesión medular,Marcha.,Neurologia,lesão medular,Neuroreabilitação,Andamento.,Neurology

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