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      Interconnected metal oxide CNT fibre hybrid networks for current collector-free asymmetric capacitive deionization

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          Abstract

          A novel current collector-free electrode for capacitive deionization to treat brackish water, with low energy consumption and exceptional desalination properties directly linked to the nanoparticle metal oxide/carbon nanotube fibre network morphology.

          Abstract

          Capacitive deionization (CDI), a water desalination technology based on the electro-deposition of salt ions in porous electrodes, is considered a simple, non-energy intensive method to produce clean water. This work introduces a new current collector-free CDI architecture based on electrodes consisting of a porous metal oxide (MOx) network interpenetrated into porous fibres of carbon nanotubes (CNTf). The full CDI device, comprising a stack of γ-Al 2O 3/CNTf and SiO 2/CNTf anodes and cathodes, respectively, has a large salt adsorption capacity of 6.5 mg g −1 from brackish water (2.0 g NaCl L −1) and very high efficiency of 86%, which translates into a low energy consumption per gram of salt removed (∼0.26 W h g −1). This is an 80% improvement compared with reference devices based on activated carbon electrodes and titanium foil current collectors. The remarkable efficiency obtained is due to the morphology of the electrodes, in which the CNT fibres act simultaneously as a current collector, active material and support for the metal oxide. Such architecture leads to high capacitance while minimizing internal resistance, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The fact that full electrodes can be made continuously, as demonstrated on 4 km of CNTf, makes the fabrication process more attractive.

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          Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology

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            Nanostructured carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review.

            This paper presents a review of the research progress in the carbon-metal oxide composites for supercapacitor electrodes. In the past decade, various carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes have been developed by integrating metal oxides into different carbon nanostructures including zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanostructures (carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers), two-dimensional nanosheets (graphene and reduced graphene oxides) as well as three-dimensional porous carbon nano-architectures. This paper has described the constituent, the structure and the properties of the carbon-metal oxide composites. An emphasis is placed on the synergistic effects of the composite on the performance of supercapacitors in terms of specific capacitance, energy density, power density, rate capability and cyclic stability. This paper has also discussed the physico-chemical processes such as charge transport, ion diffusion and redox reactions involved in supercapacitors.
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              Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JMCAET
                Journal of Materials Chemistry A
                J. Mater. Chem. A
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2050-7488
                2050-7496
                2018
                2018
                : 6
                : 23
                : 10898-10908
                Affiliations
                [1 ]IMDEA Materials Institute
                [2 ]Getafe
                [3 ]Spain
                [4 ]IMDEA Energy Institute
                [5 ]Parque Tecnológico de Móstoles
                [6 ]Móstoles
                [7 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
                Article
                10.1039/C8TA01128A
                cd5d4510-cce4-4ded-a883-578f26c1ece6
                © 2018

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

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