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      Genome-wide association and Mendelian randomisation analysis provide insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure

      research-article
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      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Genome-wide association studies, Cardiovascular genetics, Heart failure, Epidemiology

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          Abstract

          Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A small proportion of HF cases are attributable to monogenic cardiomyopathies and existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded only limited insights, leaving the observed heritability of HF largely unexplained. We report results from a GWAS meta-analysis of HF comprising 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls. Twelve independent variants at 11 genomic loci are associated with HF, all of which demonstrate one or more associations with coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation, or reduced left ventricular function, suggesting shared genetic aetiology. Functional analysis of non-CAD-associated loci implicate genes involved in cardiac development ( MYOZ1, SYNPO2L), protein homoeostasis ( BAG3), and cellular senescence ( CDKN1A). Mendelian randomisation analysis supports causal roles for several HF risk factors, and demonstrates CAD-independent effects for atrial fibrillation, body mass index, and hypertension. These findings extend our knowledge of the pathways underlying HF and may inform new therapeutic strategies.

          Abstract

          Heart failure is a complex syndrome that is associated with many different underlying risk factors. Here, to increase power, the authors jointly analyse cases of heart failure of different aetiologies in a genome-wide association study and identify 11 loci of which ten had not been previously reported.

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          Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology

          Genomic sequencing has made it clear that a large fraction of the genes specifying the core biological functions are shared by all eukaryotes. Knowledge of the biological role of such shared proteins in one organism can often be transferred to other organisms. The goal of the Gene Ontology Consortium is to produce a dynamic, controlled vocabulary that can be applied to all eukaryotes even as knowledge of gene and protein roles in cells is accumulating and changing. To this end, three independent ontologies accessible on the World-Wide Web (http://www.geneontology.org) are being constructed: biological process, molecular function and cellular component.
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              Is Open Access

              A global reference for human genetic variation

              The 1000 Genomes Project set out to provide a comprehensive description of common human genetic variation by applying whole-genome sequencing to a diverse set of individuals from multiple populations. Here we report completion of the project, having reconstructed the genomes of 2,504 individuals from 26 populations using a combination of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, deep exome sequencing, and dense microarray genotyping. We characterized a broad spectrum of genetic variation, in total over 88 million variants (84.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 3.6 million short insertions/deletions (indels), and 60,000 structural variants), all phased onto high-quality haplotypes. This resource includes >99% of SNP variants with a frequency of >1% for a variety of ancestries. We describe the distribution of genetic variation across the global sample, and discuss the implications for common disease studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                t.lumbers@ucl.ac.uk
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                9 January 2020
                9 January 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 163
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Institute of Health Informatics, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [5 ]GRID grid.66859.34, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, , The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, ; Cambridge, MA USA
                [6 ]Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0367 5222, GRID grid.475010.7, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, , Boston University School of Medicine, ; Boston, MA USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, GRID grid.189504.1, National Heart, , Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, ; Framingham, MA USA
                [9 ]deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
                [10 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Health Data Research UK London, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Cardiovascular Medicine unit, Department of Medicine Solna, , Karolinska Institute, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8800 7493, GRID grid.410513.2, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, ; 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA USA
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, GRID grid.25879.31, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, , University of Pennsylvania, ; Philadelphia, PA USA
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, ; London, W2 1PG UK
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, ; London, W2 1PG UK
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, GRID grid.4514.4, Department of Clinical Sciences, , Lund University, ; Malmö, Sweden
                [17 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7402, GRID grid.411646.0, Department of Cardiology, , Herlev Gentofte Hospital, ; Herlev Ringvej 57, 2650 Herlev, Denmark
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Center for Genomic Medicine, , Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Boston, MA USA
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Cardiovascular Research Center, , Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Boston, MA USA
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society/ Section of Family Medicine and Primary Care, , Karolinska Institutet, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0304 6002, GRID grid.411953.b, School of Health and Social Sciences, , Dalarna University, ; Falun, Sweden
                [22 ]Regeneron Genetics Center, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
                [23 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, Department of Biostatistics, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [24 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [25 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0441 5844, GRID grid.412162.2, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, , Emory University Medical Center, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [26 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9206 2401, GRID grid.267308.8, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, , The University of Texas School of Public Health, ; Houston, Texas USA
                [27 ]Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Danville, PA USA
                [28 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0378 8294, GRID grid.62560.37, Division of Preventive Medicine, , Brigham and Women’s Hospital, ; Boston, MA 02215 USA
                [29 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA 02115 USA
                [30 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Karolinska Institutet, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [31 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0439 2056, GRID grid.418424.f, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, ; Cambridge, MA USA
                [32 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8470, GRID grid.10025.36, Department of Biostatistics, , University of Liverpool, ; Liverpool, UK
                [33 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2190 4373, GRID grid.7700.0, Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, , University of Heidelberg, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [34 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [35 ]ISNI 0000 0004 5903 3632, GRID grid.499548.d, The Alan Turing Institute, ; London, United Kingdom
                [36 ]Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
                [37 ]GRID grid.5603.0, Department of Internal Medicine B, , University Medicine Greifswald, ; Greifswald, Germany
                [38 ]DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
                [39 ]ISNI 0000000419368657, GRID grid.17635.36, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, , University of Minnesota, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
                [40 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0472 2713, GRID grid.418961.3, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular Research, ; 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
                [41 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0943 7661, GRID grid.10939.32, Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, , University of Tartu, ; Tartu, 51010 Estonia
                [42 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2193 314X, GRID grid.8756.c, Robertson Center for Biostatistics, , University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, UK
                [43 ]ISNI 000000040459992X, GRID grid.5645.2, Department of Epidemiology, , Erasmus University Medical Center, ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [44 ]GRID grid.5603.0, Institute for Community Medicine, , University Medicine Greifswald, ; Greifswald, Germany
                [45 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9457, GRID grid.8993.b, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, , Uppsala University, ; Uppsala, 75185 Sweden
                [46 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 4264, GRID grid.411024.2, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, , University of Maryland School of Medicine, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                [47 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0640 0021, GRID grid.14013.37, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, , University of Iceland, ; 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
                [48 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8294, GRID grid.214572.7, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, ; Iowa City, IA USA
                [49 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0407 1981, GRID grid.4830.f, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, , University of Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
                [50 ]GRID grid.411737.7, Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [51 ]ISNI 0000000419368956, GRID grid.168010.e, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, , Stanford University School of Medicine, ; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
                [52 ]ISNI 0000000419368956, GRID grid.168010.e, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
                [53 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9457, GRID grid.8993.b, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, , Uppsala University, ; Uppsala, Sweden
                [54 ]ISNI 0000000419368956, GRID grid.168010.e, Stanford Diabetes Research Center, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
                [55 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Department of Cardiology, , Leiden University Medical Center, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [56 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, , LUMC, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [57 ]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, , University of Cambridge, ; Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
                [58 ]GRID grid.475435.4, Department of Cardiology, , Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, ; Copenhagen, Denmark
                [59 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0400 6581, GRID grid.412925.9, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, , University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, ; Leicester, UK
                [60 ]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, , University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, ; Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
                [61 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9457, GRID grid.8993.b, Department of Medical Sciences, , Uppsala University, ; Uppsala, Sweden
                [62 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [63 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [64 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8294, GRID grid.214572.7, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, , University of Iowa, ; Iowa City, IA USA
                [65 ]Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
                [66 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8988 2476, GRID grid.11598.34, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, , Medical University of Graz, ; Graz, Austria
                [67 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
                [68 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2264 7217, GRID grid.152326.1, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, ; Nashville, TN USA
                [69 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, United Kingdom
                [70 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9259 8492, GRID grid.22937.3d, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, , Medical University of Vienna, ; Vienna, Austria
                [71 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1013 0499, GRID grid.14758.3f, National Institute for Health and Welfare, ; Helsinki, Finland
                [72 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0628 215X, GRID grid.410552.7, Department of Medicine, , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, ; Turku, Finland
                [73 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0378 8294, GRID grid.62560.37, TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, ; Boston, MA USA
                [74 ]ISNI 000000040459992X, GRID grid.5645.2, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, , Erasmus University Medical Center, ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [75 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [76 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0615 7519, GRID grid.488833.c, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [77 ]The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
                [78 ]Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [79 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0650 7433, GRID grid.412689.0, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and VA Pittsburgh HCS, ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
                [80 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, Department of Epidemiology, , University of Washington, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [81 ]Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Seattle, WA USA
                [82 ]Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, København, Denmark
                [83 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2193 314X, GRID grid.8756.c, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, , University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, United Kingdom
                [84 ]Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [85 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8986 2221, GRID grid.416648.9, Department of Cardiology, , Södersjukhuset, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [86 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0157 6501, GRID grid.239844.0, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABiomed and Departments of Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, ; Torrance, CA 90502 USA
                [87 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9894 0842, GRID grid.410540.4, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali, , National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, ; 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
                [88 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0640 0021, GRID grid.14013.37, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, , University of Iceland, ; Saemundargata 2, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
                [89 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7349, GRID grid.27530.33, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , Aalborg University Hospital, ; Aalborg, Denmark
                [90 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7349, GRID grid.27530.33, Department of Health, Science and Technology, , Aalborg University Hospital, ; Aalborg, Denmark
                [91 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 7349, GRID grid.27530.33, Departments of Cardiology, , Aalborg University Hospital, ; Aalborg, Denmark
                [92 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, , Leiden University Medical Center, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [93 ]Translational and Clinical Research, Servier Cardiovascular Center for Therapeutic Innovation, 50 rue Carnot, 92284 Suresnes, France
                [94 ]ISNI 000000040459992X, GRID grid.5645.2, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, , University Medical Center Rotterdam, ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [95 ]GRID grid.5603.0, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, , University Medicine Greifswald, ; Greifswald, Germany
                [96 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0393 4335, GRID grid.418019.5, Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, ; Collegeville, PA USA
                [97 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1545 0811, GRID grid.412332.5, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, , The Ohio State University Medical Center, ; Columbus, OH USA
                [98 ]Université de Lorraine, CHU de Nancy, Inserm and INI-CRCT (F-CRIN), Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, 54500 Vandoeuvre Lès, Nancy France
                [99 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2193 314X, GRID grid.8756.c, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, , University of Glasgow, ; Glasgow, United Kingdom
                [100 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, Queensland Brain Institute, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
                [101 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Boston, MA USA
                [102 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Boston, MA USA
                [103 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [104 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [105 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0440 1440, GRID grid.410556.3, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, , Oxford University Hospital, ; Oxford, UK
                [106 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Division of Psychiatry, , University College of London, ; London, W1T 7NF UK
                [107 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, ; London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [108 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0623 9987, GRID grid.411843.b, Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, , Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, ; Lund, Sweden
                [109 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, GRID grid.4514.4, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, , Lund University, ; Lund, Sweden
                [110 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, GRID grid.189504.1, Sections of Cardiology, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, , Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, ; Boston, MA USA
                [111 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9244 0345, GRID grid.416353.6, Bart’s Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, ; London, UK
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-6756
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-5562
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-2467
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-7685
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0473-0241
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-3238
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-7143
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                Article
                13690
                10.1038/s41467-019-13690-5
                6952380
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                cd1a6ac0-7ed7-48c6-a957-e0bce56c13b4
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 8 July 2019
                : 18 November 2019
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                © The Author(s) 2020

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                genome-wide association studies,cardiovascular genetics,heart failure,epidemiology

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