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      A new approach for obtaining rapid uniformity in rice ( Oryza sativa L .) via a 3x x 2x cross

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          Abstract

          A triploid (2n = 3x = 36) rice plant was obtained by screening a twin seedling population in which each seed germinated to two or three sprouts that were then crossed with diploid plants. One diploid plant was chosen among the various F 1 progenies and developed into an F 2 population via self-pollination. Compared with the control variety Shanyou 63, this F 2 population had a stable agronomical performance in field trials, as confirmed by the F-test. The stability of the F 2 population was further substantiated by molecular analysis with simple sequence repeat markers. Specifically, of 160 markers assayed, 37 (covering all 12 chromosomes) were polymorphic between the parental lines. Testing the F 1 hybrid individually with these markers showed that each PCR product had only a single band instead of two bands from each parent. The bands were identical to either maternal (23 markers) or paternal (eight markers) bands or distinct from both parents (six markers). The amplified bands of all 60 randomly selected F 2 plants were uniform and identical to those of the F 1 hybrid. These results suggest that the F 1 plant is a non-segregating hybrid and that a stable F 2 population was obtained. This novel system provides an efficient means for shortening the cycle of hybrid rice seed production.

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          Parent-dependent loss of gene silencing during interspecies hybridization.

          Luca Comai, Emma C. Josefsson, Brian Dilkes (2006)
          Speciation depends on the establishment of reproductive barriers that allow populations to diverge from each other. Such divergence may involve protein sequence, copy number, or expression changes that are predicted to result in dosage-dependent effects. In plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and A. arenosa, postzygotic species barriers often affect seed abortion, and hybrid failure resembles that of interploidy crosses where the paternal genome is in excess. We used this species pair to explore the relationship between hybrid incompatibility and gene silencing. In incompatible crosses, the normally silenced and heterochromatic element ATHILA was expressed from the paternal, but not maternal, chromosomes. Three Polycomb-regulated genes; PHERES1, MEIDOS, and MEDEA, were also induced. At PHERES1, maternal imprinting of the promoter was disrupted, and paternal imprinting of MEDEA appeared to be lost. The rate of hybrid seed lethality was sensitive to parental genome dosage, and gene activation was proportional to the dosage of parental genomes. A causal link was established between PHE1 and hybrid seed failure; a transposon-induced disruption of PHE1 significantly improved fertility. We propose that the dosage-dependent regulation of chromatin could be a universal phenomenon affecting lethality in interspecies hybrids.
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            Evolution of duplicate gene expression in polyploid and hybrid plants.

            Keith L Adams (2015)
            Allopolyploidy is a prominent mode of speciation in flowering plants. On allopolyploidy, genomic changes can take place, including chromosomal rearrangement and changes in gene expression; these processes continue over evolutionary time. Recent studies of gene expression in polyploid and hybrid plants, reviewed here, have examined expression in natural polyploids and synthetic neopolyploids as well as in diploid and F(1) hybrids. Considerable changes in gene expression have been observed in allopolyploids, including up- or downregulation of expression in the polyploids compared with their parents, unequal expression of duplicated genes, and silencing of one copy. Genes in a variety of functional categories show altered expression, and the patterns vary considerably by gene. Some changes seem to be stochastic, whereas others are repeatable. Gene expression changes can be organ specific. Reciprocal silencing of duplicates in different organs has been observed, suggesting subfunctionalization and long-term retention of duplicates. It has become clear that hybridization has a much greater effect than chromosome doubling on gene expression in allopolyploids. Diploid and triploid F(1) hybrids can show alterations of expression levels compared with their parents. Parent-of-origin effects on gene expression have been examined, and loss of gene imprinting has been shown. Some gene expression changes in polyploids and hybrids can be correlated with phenotypic effects. Demonstrated mechanisms of gene expression changes include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and antisense RNA. Several hypotheses have been proposed for why gene expression is altered in allopolyploids and hybrids.
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              Polyploidy and cellular mechanisms changing leaf size: comparison of diploid and autotetraploid populations in two species of Lolium.

              Lawrence Sugiyama (2005)
              Growth and development of plant organs, including leaves, depend on cell division and expansion. Leaf size is increased by greater cell ploidy, but the mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the role of cell division and expansion in the increase of leaf size caused by polyploidy was examined by comparing various cell parameters of the mesophyll layer of developing leaves of diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of two grass species, Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum. Three cultivars of each ploidy level of both species were grown under pot conditions in a controlled growth chamber, and leaf elongation rate and the cell length profile at the leaf base were measured on six plants in each cultivar. Cell parameters related to division and elongation activities were calculated by a kinematic method. Tetraploid cultivars had faster leaf elongation rates than did diploid cultivars in both species, resulting in longer leaves, mainly due to their longer mature cells. Epidermal and mesophyll cells differed 20-fold in length, but were both greater in the tetraploid cultivars of both species. The increase in cell length of the tetraploid cultivars was caused by a faster cell elongation rate, not by a longer period of cell elongation. There were no significant differences between cell division parameters, such as cell production rate and cell cycle time, in the diploid and tetraploid cultivars. The results demonstrated clearly that polyploidy increases leaf size mainly by increasing the cell elongation rate, but not the duration of the period of elongation, and thus increases final cell size.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genet Mol Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GMB
                Title: Genetics and Molecular Biology
                Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Genética (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 1415-4757
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-4685
                Publication date (Print): Apr-Jun 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 June 2010
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 325-327
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simpleBiotechnology Research Center, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun China
                [2 ]simpleResearch Center of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun China
                [3 ]simpleRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu China
                Author notes
                Send correspondence to Shaochen Xing. Biotechnology Research Center, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1363 Caiyu Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China. E-mail: xingsc64@ 123456yahoo.com.cn .
                Article
                DOI: 10.1590/S1415-47572010005000023
                PMC ID: 3036853
                PubMed ID: 21637489
                SO-VID: cc79430e-1d25-42f4-b20f-f1714b51cf0f
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2009
                Date accepted : 7 December 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Plant Genetics
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: stability,polyploidy,ssr marker,f-test,rice
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: stability, polyploidy, ssr marker, f-test, rice

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