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- Abstract: found
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Ultraviolet-C light at 222 nm has a high disinfecting spectrum in environments contaminated by infectious pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2
research-article
Author(s):
Byeong-Min Song
1 ,
Gun-Hee Lee
1 ,
Hee-Jeong Han
1 ,
Ju-Hee Yang
1 ,
Eun-Gyeong Lee
1 ,
Hyunji Gu
1 ,
Ha-Kyeong Park
1 ,
Kyunga Ryu
2 ,
Jinwoo Kim
2 ,
Sang-Min Kang
1
,
*
,
,
Dongseob Tark
1
,
*
,
Publication date (Electronic):
28 November 2023
Journal:
PLOS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
Read this article at
There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.
Abstract
Ultraviolet light (UV) acts as a powerful disinfectant and can prevent contamination of personal hygiene from various contaminated environments. The 222-nm wavelength of UV-C has a highly effective sterilization activity and is safer than 275-nm UV-C. We investigated the irradiation efficacy of 222-nm UV-C against contaminating bacteria and viruses in liquid and fabric environments. We conducted colony-forming unit assays to determine the number of viable cells and a 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay to evaluate the virus titration. A minimum dose of 27 mJ/cm 2 of 222-nm UV-C was required for >95% germicidal activity for gram-negative and -positive bacteria. A 25.1 mJ/cm 2 dose could ensure >95% virucidal activity against low-pathogenic avian influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In addition, this energy dose of 222-nm UV-C effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 variants, Delta and Omicron. These results provide valuable information on the disinfection efficiency of 222-nm UV-C in bacterial and virus-contaminated environments and can also develop into a powerful tool for individual hygiene.
Related collections
Most cited references40
- Record: found
- Abstract: found
- Article: not found
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1
To the Editor: A novel human coronavirus that is now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly called HCoV-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and is now causing a pandemic. 1 We analyzed the aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 and compared it with SARS-CoV-1, the most closely related human coronavirus. 2 We evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 in aerosols and on various surfaces and estimated their decay rates using a Bayesian regression model (see the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). SARS-CoV-2 nCoV-WA1-2020 (MN985325.1) and SARS-CoV-1 Tor2 (AY274119.3) were the strains used. Aerosols (<5 μm) containing SARS-CoV-2 (105.25 50% tissue-culture infectious dose [TCID50] per milliliter) or SARS-CoV-1 (106.75-7.00 TCID50 per milliliter) were generated with the use of a three-jet Collison nebulizer and fed into a Goldberg drum to create an aerosolized environment. The inoculum resulted in cycle-threshold values between 20 and 22, similar to those observed in samples obtained from the upper and lower respiratory tract in humans. Our data consisted of 10 experimental conditions involving two viruses (SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1) in five environmental conditions (aerosols, plastic, stainless steel, copper, and cardboard). All experimental measurements are reported as means across three replicates. SARS-CoV-2 remained viable in aerosols throughout the duration of our experiment (3 hours), with a reduction in infectious titer from 103.5 to 102.7 TCID50 per liter of air. This reduction was similar to that observed with SARS-CoV-1, from 104.3 to 103.5 TCID50 per milliliter (Figure 1A). SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces (Figure 1A), although the virus titer was greatly reduced (from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter of medium after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel). The stability kinetics of SARS-CoV-1 were similar (from 103.4 to 100.7 TCID50 per milliliter after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.6 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel). On copper, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 4 hours and no viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured after 8 hours. On cardboard, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 24 hours and no viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured after 8 hours (Figure 1A). Both viruses had an exponential decay in virus titer across all experimental conditions, as indicated by a linear decrease in the log10TCID50 per liter of air or milliliter of medium over time (Figure 1B). The half-lives of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 were similar in aerosols, with median estimates of approximately 1.1 to 1.2 hours and 95% credible intervals of 0.64 to 2.64 for SARS-CoV-2 and 0.78 to 2.43 for SARS-CoV-1 (Figure 1C, and Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix). The half-lives of the two viruses were also similar on copper. On cardboard, the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was longer than that of SARS-CoV-1. The longest viability of both viruses was on stainless steel and plastic; the estimated median half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was approximately 5.6 hours on stainless steel and 6.8 hours on plastic (Figure 1C). Estimated differences in the half-lives of the two viruses were small except for those on cardboard (Figure 1C). Individual replicate data were noticeably “noisier” (i.e., there was more variation in the experiment, resulting in a larger standard error) for cardboard than for other surfaces (Fig. S1 through S5), so we advise caution in interpreting this result. We found that the stability of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to that of SARS-CoV-1 under the experimental circumstances tested. This indicates that differences in the epidemiologic characteristics of these viruses probably arise from other factors, including high viral loads in the upper respiratory tract and the potential for persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 to shed and transmit the virus while asymptomatic. 3,4 Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is plausible, since the virus can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days (depending on the inoculum shed). These findings echo those with SARS-CoV-1, in which these forms of transmission were associated with nosocomial spread and super-spreading events, 5 and they provide information for pandemic mitigation efforts.
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Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses
Manuela Buonanno, David Welch, Igor Shuryak … (2020)
A direct approach to limit airborne viral transmissions is to inactivate them within a short time of their production. Germicidal ultraviolet light, typically at 254 nm, is effective in this context but, used directly, can be a health hazard to skin and eyes. By contrast, far-UVC light (207–222 nm) efficiently kills pathogens potentially without harm to exposed human tissues. We previously demonstrated that 222-nm far-UVC light efficiently kills airborne influenza virus and we extend those studies to explore far-UVC efficacy against airborne human coronaviruses alpha HCoV-229E and beta HCoV-OC43. Low doses of 1.7 and 1.2 mJ/cm2 inactivated 99.9% of aerosolized coronavirus 229E and OC43, respectively. As all human coronaviruses have similar genomic sizes, far-UVC light would be expected to show similar inactivation efficiency against other human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on the beta-HCoV-OC43 results, continuous far-UVC exposure in occupied public locations at the current regulatory exposure limit (~3 mJ/cm2/hour) would result in ~90% viral inactivation in ~8 minutes, 95% in ~11 minutes, 99% in ~16 minutes and 99.9% inactivation in ~25 minutes. Thus while staying within current regulatory dose limits, low-dose-rate far-UVC exposure can potentially safely provide a major reduction in the ambient level of airborne coronaviruses in occupied public locations.
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- Abstract: found
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Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with deep-UV LED irradiation
Hiroko INAGAKI, Akatsuki Saito, Hironobu Sugiyama … (2020)
ABSTRACT The spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections worldwide has raised concerns about the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. Devices that rapidly inactivate viruses can reduce the chance of infection through aerosols and contact transmission. This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 ± 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient. Development of devices equipped with DUV-LED is expected to prevent virus invasion through the air and after touching contaminated objects.
Author and article information
Contributors
Byeong-Min Song: Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
Gun-Hee Lee: Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – original draft
Hee-Jeong Han: Role: Formal analysis
Ju-Hee Yang: Role: Formal analysis
Eun-Gyeong Lee: Role: Data curation
Hyunji Gu: Role: Project administration
Ha-Kyeong Park: Role: Project administration
Kyunga Ryu: Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
Jinwoo Kim: Role: Investigation
Sang-Min Kang:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-3028
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole:
SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Dongseob Tark: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Yong Sam Jung: Role: Editor
Journal
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLOS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
28
November
2023
Publication date Collection: 2023
Volume: 18
Issue: 11
Electronic Location Identifier: e0294427
Affiliations
[1
]
Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk
National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
Author notes
* E-mail:
sangminkang@
123456jbnu.ac.kr
(SMK);
tarkds@
123456jbnu.ac.kr
(DT)
Author information
Sang-Min Kang
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-3028
Article
Publisher ID: PONE-D-23-28082DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294427
PMC ID: 10684113
PubMed ID: 38015931
SO-VID: cc64b9cc-056f-42fc-b070-bb6732f2f2c9
Copyright © © 2023 Song et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
History
Date
received
: 31
August
2023
Date
accepted
: 24
October
2023
Page count
Figures: 5,
Tables: 1,
Pages: 14
Funding
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002701, Ministry of Education;
Award ID: 2021R1C1C2005307
Award Recipient
:
Gun-Hee Lee
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002701, Ministry of Education;
Award ID: 2017R1A6A1A03015876
Award Recipient
:
Dongseob Tark
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003710, Korea Health Industry Development Institute;
Award ID: HI22C1637
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-3028
Sangmin Kang
This research was supported by the grant of the Korea Health Industry Development
Institute (KHIDI, HI22C1637) and Basic Science Research Program through the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2021R1C1C2005307
and 2017R1A6A1A03015876). Sang-Min Kang received a research fund, HI22C1637, from
KHIDI and contributed to conceptualizing research, data curation, methodology, supervision,
manuscript review, and editing. Gun-Hee Lee received a research fund, 2021R1C1C2005307,
from NRF and was involved in Formal analysis, methodology, validation, and manuscript
writing. Dongseob Tark received a research fund, 2017R1A6A1A03015876, from NRF and
was involved in conceptualization, supervision, validation, and manuscript review.
Categories
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Physical sciences
Subject:
Physics
Subject:
Electromagnetic radiation
Subject:
Light
Subject:
Ultraviolet radiation
Subject:
Ultraviolet C
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical microbiology
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Pathology and laboratory medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Virus Testing
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Bacteria
Subject:
Staphylococcus
Subject:
Staphylococcus Aureus
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Staphylococcus
Subject:
Staphylococcus Aureus
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Staphylococcus
Subject:
Staphylococcus Aureus
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Bacterial Diseases
Subject:
Salmonella
Subject:
Salmonella Typhimurium
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Salmonella
Subject:
Salmonella Typhimurium
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Salmonella
Subject:
Salmonella Typhimurium
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Bacteria
Subject:
Enterobacteriaceae
Subject:
Salmonella
Subject:
Salmonella Typhimurium
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pulmonology
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Epidemiology
Subject:
Pandemics
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Bacteriology
Subject:
Gram Negative Bacteria
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