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      Anesthesiology airway-related medicolegal cases from the Canadian Medical Protection Association Translated title: Analyse des dossiers médicolégaux de l’Association canadienne de protection médicale portant sur des problèmes associés aux voies respiratoires en anesthésiologie

      research-article
      , MD, FRCPC 1 , , MD, FRCPC 1 , , RN, CPPS 2 , , MCS 2 , , BSc, CPHRAM 2 , , MD, MSc, FRCPC 2 , 3 ,
      Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
      Springer International Publishing
      malpractice, anesthesiology, airway

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          We analyzed closed civil legal cases in 2007-2016 from the Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA) involving specialist anesthesiologists where airway management was the central concern.

          Methods

          We included all airway-related civil legal cases involving specialist anesthesiologists that closed from 2007 to 2016. The following variables were abstracted by CMPA medical analysts: clinical context, peer expert opinions of contributing factors, and patient and legal outcomes.

          Results

          We found 46 of the 406 (11%) closed cases involving anesthesiologists to be airway-related. Twenty-six cases (57%) involved elective surgery and 31 patients (67%) were categorized as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status III. Twenty-five cases (54%) occurred outside the operating room (e.g., postanesthesia care unit, intensive care unit, or other satellite locations). In 19 (42%) cases, there was at least one predictor of a difficult airway. Peer experts identified judgement failures in 30 cases (65%), most commonly inadequate airway evaluation. In 30 cases (65%), the patient died or had a permanent brain injury. The medicolegal outcome favoured the patient in 27 (59%) cases, with a median [interquartile range] payment of 422,845 [257,637-935,673] CAD.

          Conclusions

          Severe patient harm is common when airway management is the focus of a CMPA medicolegal complaint involving anesthesiologists. Patients were otherwise typically low risk cases presenting for elective surgery. Failure to assess or to change management based on the airway exam or encountered difficulty were the most common errors. Our findings support the continued need for adoption, adherence, and practice of guidelines for anticipated and unanticipated difficult airway management for every patient encounter.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Nous avons analysé les dossiers d’actions civiles de l’Association canadienne de protection médicale (ACPM) conclus entre 2007 et 2016 qui impliquaient des anesthésiologistes mettaient principalement en cause la gestion des voies respiratoires.

          Méthode

          Nous avons inclus tous les dossiers d’actions civiles mettant en cause la gestion des voies respiratoires et impliquant des anesthésiologistes, conclus entre 2007 et 2016. Les analystes médicaux de l’ACPM ont examiné les variables suivantes: le contexte clinique, les opinions des experts sur les facteurs contributifs, ainsi que les issues des actions en justice et les résultats cliniques pour les patients.

          Résultats

          Parmi les 406 dossiers conclus impliquant des anesthésiologistes, 46 (11%) portaient sur des problèmes liés aux voies respiratoires. Vingt-six de ces dossiers (57%) portaient sur des cas de chirurgie non urgente et 31 patients (67%) étaient considérés comme ayant un état physique relevant de la classification I ou II de l’American Society of Anesthesiologists. Dans vingt-cinq dossiers (54%), les problèmes sont survenus en dehors de la salle d’opération (par ex., salle de réveil, unité de soins intensifs, ou autre emplacement satellite). Dans 19 dossiers (42%), il y avait au moins un prédicteur de difficultés dans la prise en charge des voies respiratoires. Les experts ont relevé des erreurs de jugement dans 30 dossiers (65%), la plupart du temps liées à une évaluation inadéquate des voies respiratoires. Dans 30 dossiers (65%), le patient est décédé ou a subi des lésions cérébrales permanentes. L’issue médicolégale a été favorable au patient dans 27 dossiers (59%), montant médian [écart interquartile] du paiement étant de 422 845 [257 637-935 673] CAD.

          Conclusion

          Il est fréquent que des patients subissent des préjudices graves lorsque la prise en charge des voies respiratoires fait l’objet d’une plainte médicolégale auprès de l’ACPM qui met en cause des anesthésiologistes. Dans les dossiers analysés, les patients étaient généralement considérés à faible risque en vue d’une intervention chirurgicale non urgente. Les erreurs les plus fréquentes étaient une mauvaise évaluation des voies respiratoires ou la non-modification de la prise en charge des voies respiratoires à la suite de l’évaluation ou de difficultés rencontrées. Selon nos conclusions, il est impératif de continuer d’adopter, de respecter et de mettre en pratique les lignes directrices concernant la prise en charge de voies respiratoires difficiles, anticipées ou non, lors de chaque rencontre avec un patient.

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          Most cited references22

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          Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis.

          The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of liability associated with malpractice claims arising from management of the difficult airway. Using the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database, the authors examined 179 claims for difficult airway management between 1985 and 1999 where a supplemental data collection tool was used and focused on airway management, outcomes, and the role of the 1993 Difficult Airway Guidelines in litigation. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis compared risk factors for death or brain damage (death/BD) from two time periods: 1985-1992 and 1993-1999. Difficult airway claims arose throughout the perioperative period: 67% upon induction, 15% during surgery, 12% at extubation, and 5% during recovery. Death/BD with induction of anesthesia decreased in 1993-1999 (35%) compared with 1985-1992 (62%; P < 0.05; odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.63; P = 0.003). In contrast, death/BD associated with other phases of anesthesia did not significantly change over the time periods. The odds of death/BD were increased by the development of an airway emergency (odds ratio, 14.98; 95% confidence interval, 6.37-35.27; P < 0.001). During airway emergencies, persistent intubation attempts were associated with death/BD (P < 0.05). Since 1993, the Airway Guidelines were used to defend care (8%) and criticize care (3%). Death/BD in claims from difficult airway management associated with induction of anesthesia but not other phases of anesthesia decreased in 1993-1999 compared with 1985-1992. Development of additional management strategies for difficult airways encountered during maintenance, emergence, or recovery from anesthesia may improve patient safety.
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            Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adult patients requiring tracheal intubation: a Cochrane Systematic Review.

            Difficulties with tracheal intubation commonly arise and impact patient safety. This systematic review evaluates whether videolaryngoscopes reduce intubation failure and complications compared with direct laryngoscopy in adults. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov up to February 2015, and conducted forward and backward citation tracking. We included randomized controlled trials that compared adult patients undergoing laryngoscopy with videolaryngoscopy or Macintosh laryngoscopy. We did not primarily intend to compare individual videolaryngoscopes. Sixty-four studies (7044 participants) were included. Moderate quality evidence showed that videolaryngoscopy reduced failed intubations (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.19-0.65) including in participants with anticipated difficult airways (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.55). There was no evidence of reduction in hypoxia or mortality, but few studies reported these outcomes. Videolaryngoscopes reduced laryngeal/airway trauma (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96) and hoarseness (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.88). Videolaryngoscopy increased easy laryngeal views (OR 6.77, 95% CI 4.17-10.98) and reduced difficult views (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.13-0.27) and intubation difficulty, typically using an 'intubation difficulty score' (OR 7.13, 95% CI 3.12-16.31). Failed intubations were reduced with experienced operators (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13-0.75) but not with inexperienced users. We identified no difference in number of first attempts and incidence of sore throat. Heterogeneity around time for intubation data prevented meta-analysis. We found evidence of differential performance between different videolaryngoscope designs. Lack of data prevented analysis of impact of obesity or clinical location on failed intubation rates. Videolaryngoscopes may reduce the number of failed intubations, particularly among patients presenting with a difficult airway. They improve the glottic view and may reduce laryngeal/airway trauma. Currently, no evidence indicates that use of a videolaryngoscope reduces the number of intubation attempts or the incidence of hypoxia or respiratory complications, and no evidence indicates that use of a videolaryngoscope affects time required for intubation.
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              The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient

              Background Previously active in the mid-1990s, the Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) studied the unanticipated difficult airway and made recommendations on management in a 1998 publication. The CAFG has since reconvened to examine more recent scientific literature on airway management. The Focus Group’s mandate for this article was to arrive at updated practice recommendations for management of the unconscious/induced patient in whom difficult or failed tracheal intubation is encountered. Methods Nineteen clinicians with backgrounds in anesthesia, emergency medicine, and intensive care joined this iteration of the CAFG. Each member was assigned topics and conducted reviews of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results were presented and discussed during multiple teleconferences and two face-to-face meetings. When appropriate, evidence- or consensus-based recommendations were made together with assigned levels of evidence modelled after previously published criteria. Conclusions The clinician must be aware of the potential for harm to the patient that can occur with multiple attempts at tracheal intubation. This likelihood can be minimized by moving early from an unsuccessful primary intubation technique to an alternative “Plan B” technique if oxygenation by face mask or ventilation using a supraglottic device is non-problematic. Irrespective of the technique(s) used, failure to achieve successful tracheal intubation in a maximum of three attempts defines failed tracheal intubation and signals the need to engage an exit strategy. Failure to oxygenate by face mask or supraglottic device ventilation occurring in conjunction with failed tracheal intubation defines a failed oxygenation, “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” situation. Cricothyrotomy must then be undertaken without delay, although if not already tried, an expedited and concurrent attempt can be made to place a supraglottic device.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                research@cmpa.org
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                16 November 2020
                16 November 2020
                : 1-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, , University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, ; 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6 ON Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.489543.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0351 6596, Medical Care Analytics, , Canadian Medical Protective Association, ; 875 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1S 5P1 Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.412687.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9606 5108, Clinical Epidemiology Program, , Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ; 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9 ON Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-4245
                Article
                1846
                10.1007/s12630-020-01846-7
                7668407
                33200320
                cb85b9e4-1b22-4ed1-91c7-87f2ed27a152
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 18 September 2019
                : 24 August 2020
                : 25 August 2020
                Categories
                Reports of Original Investigations

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                malpractice,anesthesiology,airway
                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                malpractice, anesthesiology, airway

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