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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Is Open Access

      Gold Nanoparticle-Incorporated Chitosan Nanogels as a Theranostic Nanoplatform for CT Imaging and Tumour Chemotherapy

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The translation of nanocarrier-based theranostics into cancer treatment is limited by their poor cellular uptake, low drug-loading capacity, uncontrolled drug release, and insufficient imaging ability.

          Methods

          In this study, novel hybrid nanogels were fabricated as theranostic nanocarriers by modifying chitosan (CTS)/tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and further conjugating cysteine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

          Results

          The resultant nanogels, referred to as CTS/TPP/PAA@AuNPs (CTPA), exhibited excellent colloidal stability and a high encapsulation rate of 87% for the cationic drug doxorubicin (DOX). In the tumour microenvironment, the acidic pH and overexpression of lysozyme triggered CTPA@DOX to degrade and emit smaller nanoblocks (30–40 nm), which sequentially released the drug in a tumour-responsive manner. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that CTPA facilitates the entry of DOX into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, as visualised through AuNP-mediated computed tomography (CT) imaging, CTPA@DOX enabled favourable accumulation in the tumour. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that CTPA enabled advanced tumour cell-targeting delivery of DOX, which showed greater anti-tumour activity and biosafety than free DOX.

          Conclusion

          The natural polymer CTS was developed for degradable nanogels, which can precisely track drugs with high antitumour activity. Additionally, the surface adjustment strategy can be assembled to achieve cationic drug loading and high drug-loading capacity, controlled drug release, and sufficient imaging ability. Therefore, multifunctional CTPA enables efficient drug delivery and CT imaging, which is expected to provide a valuable strategy for designing advanced theranostic systems.

          Most cited references50

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          Nanomaterials for theranostics: recent advances and future challenges.

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            Smart micro/nanoparticles in stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery systems.

            New achievements in the realm of nanoscience and innovative techniques of nanomedicine have moved micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) to the point of becoming actually useful for practical applications in the near future. Various differences between the extracellular and intracellular environments of cancerous and normal cells and the particular characteristics of tumors such as physicochemical properties, neovasculature, elasticity, surface electrical charge, and pH have motivated the design and fabrication of inventive "smart" MNPs for stimulus-responsive controlled drug release. These novel MNPs can be tailored to be responsive to pH variations, redox potential, enzymatic activation, thermal gradients, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound (US), or can even be responsive to dual or multi-combinations of different stimuli. This unparalleled capability has increased their importance as site-specific controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) and has encouraged their rapid development in recent years. An in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these DDS approaches is expected to further contribute to this groundbreaking field of nanomedicine. Smart nanocarriers in the form of MNPs that can be triggered by internal or external stimulus are summarized and discussed in the present review, including pH-sensitive peptides and polymers, redox-responsive micelles and nanogels, thermo- or magnetic-responsive nanoparticles (NPs), mechanical- or electrical-responsive MNPs, light or ultrasound-sensitive particles, and multi-responsive MNPs including dual stimuli-sensitive nanosheets of graphene. This review highlights the recent advances of smart MNPs categorized according to their activation stimulus (physical, chemical, or biological) and looks forward to future pharmaceutical applications.
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              X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nanomedicine
                Int J Nanomedicine
                ijn
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Dove
                1176-9114
                1178-2013
                12 October 2022
                2022
                : 17
                : 4757-4772
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine , Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases , Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
                [5 ]School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Australia
                [6 ]Australia China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Junchao Wei; Lan Liao, Email weijunchao@ncu.edu.cn; Liaolan5106@ncu.edu.cn
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-9352
                Article
                375999
                10.2147/IJN.S375999
                9553242
                36238536
                cb65c0f6-ef34-41ce-ab6a-09d8c5cc16bc
                © 2022 Liu et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 28 May 2022
                : 07 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 1, References: 50, Pages: 16
                Categories
                Original Research

                Molecular medicine
                theranostic nanomaterial,degradability,computed tomography imaging,hybrid nanogel

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