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      Evolution of Immune Systems From Viruses and Transposable Elements

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          Abstract

          Virus-derived sequences and transposable elements constitute a substantial portion of many cellular genomes. Recent insights reveal the intimate evolutionary relationship between these sequences and various cellular immune pathways. At the most basic level, superinfection exclusion may be considered a prototypical virus-mediated immune system that has been described in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. More complex immune mechanisms fully or partially derived from mobile genetic elements include CRISPR-Cas of prokaryotes and the RAG1/2 system of vertebrates, which provide immunological memory of foreign genetic elements and generate antibody and T cell receptor diversity, respectively. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of mobile genetic elements to the evolution of cellular immune pathways. A picture is emerging in which the various cellular immune systems originate from and are spread by viruses and transposable elements. Immune systems likely evolved from simple superinfection exclusion to highly complex defense strategies.

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          Crystal structure of Argonaute and its implications for RISC slicer activity.

          Ji-Joon Song, Stephanie K Smith, Gregory Hannon … (2004)
          Argonaute proteins and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the known signature components of the RNA interference effector complex RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, the identity of "Slicer," the enzyme that cleaves the messenger RNA (mRNA) as directed by the siRNA, has not been resolved. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Argonaute protein from Pyrococcus furiosus at 2.25 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a crescent-shaped base made up of the amino-terminal, middle, and PIWI domains. The Piwi Argonaute Zwille (PAZ) domain is held above the base by a "stalk"-like region. The PIWI domain (named for the protein piwi) is similar to ribonuclease H, with a conserved active site aspartate-aspartate-glutamate motif, strongly implicating Argonaute as "Slicer." The architecture of the molecule and the placement of the PAZ and PIWI domains define a groove for substrate binding and suggest a mechanism for siRNA-guided mRNA cleavage.
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            Gene map of the extended human MHC.

            Roger Horton, Laurens Wilming, Vikki Rand … (2004)
            The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most important region in the vertebrate genome with respect to infection and autoimmunity, and is crucial in adaptive and innate immunity. Decades of biomedical research have revealed many MHC genes that are duplicated, polymorphic and associated with more diseases than any other region of the human genome. The recent completion of several large-scale studies offers the opportunity to assimilate the latest data into an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC. Here, we present this map and review its content in relation to paralogy, polymorphism, immune function and disease.
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              Large-scale mapping of human protein–protein interactions by mass spectrometry

              Rob Ewing, PETER CHU, Fred Elisma … (2007)
              Mapping protein–protein interactions is an invaluable tool for understanding protein function. Here, we report the first large-scale study of protein–protein interactions in human cells using a mass spectrometry-based approach. The study maps protein interactions for 338 bait proteins that were selected based on known or suspected disease and functional associations. Large-scale immunoprecipitation of Flag-tagged versions of these proteins followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of 24 540 potential protein interactions. False positives and redundant hits were filtered out using empirical criteria and a calculated interaction confidence score, producing a data set of 6463 interactions between 2235 distinct proteins. This data set was further cross-validated using previously published and predicted human protein interactions. In-depth mining of the data set shows that it represents a valuable source of novel protein–protein interactions with relevance to human diseases. In addition, via our preliminary analysis, we report many novel protein interactions and pathway associations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Microbiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Microbiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-302X
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 51
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, United States
                [2] 2Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
                [3] 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics , Berlin, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Gustavo Caetano-Anollés, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States

                Reviewed by: Dino McMahon, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Alan Richard Davidson, University of Toronto, Canada

                *Correspondence: Felix Broecker, felixbroecker@ 123456gmx.net

                This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00051
                PMC ID: 6361761
                PubMed ID: 30761103
                SO-VID: cb62e3ff-c2bc-439e-a470-b215d7f07db9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Broecker and Moelling.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 04 November 2018
                Date accepted : 14 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 152, Pages: 15, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: transposable elements,mobile genetic elements,viruses,superinfection exclusion,immune system,crispr-cas,antibodies,rnase h
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: transposable elements, mobile genetic elements, viruses, superinfection exclusion, immune system, crispr-cas, antibodies, rnase h

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