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      Remote ischemic preconditioning STAT3-dependently ameliorates pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury

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          Abstract

          The lungs are highly susceptible to injury, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pulmonary I/R injury can occur when correcting conditions such as primary pulmonary hypertension, and is also relatively common after lung transplantation or other cardiothoracic surgery. Methods to reduce pulmonary I/R injury are urgently needed to improve outcomes following procedures such as lung transplantation. Remote liver ischemic preconditioning (RLIPC) is an effective cardioprotective measure, reducing damage caused by subsequent cardiac I/R injury, but little is known about its potential role in pulmonary protection. Here, we analyzed the efficacy and mechanistic basis of RLIPC in a rat model of pulmonary I/R injury. RLIPC reduced lung I/R injury, lessening structural damage, inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis. In addition, RLIPC preserved pulmonary function compared to controls following lung I/R injury. RLIPC stimulated phosphorylation of pulmonary STAT3, a component of the SAFE signaling pathway, but not phosphorylation of RISK pathway signaling proteins. Accordingly, STAT3 inhibition using AG490 eliminated the pulmonary protection afforded by RLIPC. Our data demonstrate for the first time that RLIPC protects against pulmonary I/R injury, via a signaling pathway requiring STAT3 phosphorylation.

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          Most cited references25

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          An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals.

          Acute lung injury (ALI) is well defined in humans, but there is no agreement as to the main features of acute lung injury in animal models. A Committee was organized to determine the main features that characterize ALI in animal models and to identify the most relevant methods to assess these features. We used a Delphi approach in which a series of questionnaires were distributed to a panel of experts in experimental lung injury. The Committee concluded that the main features of experimental ALI include histological evidence of tissue injury, alteration of the alveolar capillary barrier, presence of an inflammatory response, and evidence of physiological dysfunction; they recommended that, to determine if ALI has occurred, at least three of these four main features of ALI should be present. The Committee also identified key "very relevant" and "somewhat relevant" measurements for each of the main features of ALI and recommended the use of least one "very relevant" measurement and preferably one or two additional separate measurements to determine if a main feature of ALI is present. Finally, the Committee emphasized that not all of the measurements listed can or should be performed in every study, and that measurements not included in the list are by no means "irrelevant." Our list of features and measurements of ALI is intended as a guide for investigators, and ultimately investigators should choose the particular measurements that best suit the experimental questions being addressed as well as take into consideration any unique aspects of the experimental design.
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            The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for hematopoietic progenitors

            Platelets are critical for hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammatory responses 1,2 , yet the events leading to mature platelet production remain incompletely understood 3 . The bone marrow (BM) is proposed to be a major site of platelet production although indirect evidence points towards a potential pulmonary contribution to platelet biogenesis 4-7 . By directly imaging the lung microcirculation in mice 8 , we discovered that a large number of megakaryocytes (MKs) circulate through the lungs where they dynamically release platelets. MKs releasing platelets in the lung are of extrapulmonary origin, such as the BM, where we observed large MKs migrating out of the BM space. The lung contribution to platelet biogenesis is substantial with approximately 50% of total platelet production or 10 million platelets per hour. Furthermore, we identified populations of mature and immature MKs along with hematopoietic progenitors that reside in the extravascular spaces of the lung. Under conditions of thrombocytopenia and relative stem cell deficiency in the BM 9 , these progenitors can migrate out of the lung, repopulate the BM, completely reconstitute blood platelet counts, and contribute to multiple hematopoietic lineages. These results position the lung as a primary site of terminal platelet production and an organ with considerable hematopoietic potential.
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              Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in the heart: angels versus demons in a heart-breaking tale.

              Among the myriad of intracellular signaling networks that govern the cardiac development and pathogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are prominent players that have been the focus of extensive investigations in the past decades. The four best characterized MAPK subfamilies, ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and ERK5, are the targets of pharmacological and genetic manipulations to uncover their roles in cardiac development, function, and diseases. However, information reported in the literature from these efforts has not yet resulted in a clear view about the roles of specific MAPK pathways in heart. Rather, controversies from contradictive results have led to a perception that MAPKs are ambiguous characters in heart with both protective and detrimental effects. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress, in an effort to highlight the areas where consensus is established verses the ones where controversy remains. MAPKs in cardiac development, cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and pathological remodeling are the main focuses of this review as these represent the most critical issues for evaluating MAPKs as viable targets of therapeutic development. The studies presented in this review will help to reveal the major challenges in the field and the limitations of current approaches and point to a critical need in future studies to gain better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of MAPK function and regulation in the heart.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                16 May 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 5
                : e0196186
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
                [2 ] Bioelectricity Laboratory, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
                University of Colorado Denver, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-496X
                Article
                PONE-D-17-42608
                10.1371/journal.pone.0196186
                5955491
                29768493
                cb4009af-9107-4750-8efc-17289c8e9061
                © 2018 Luo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 December 2017
                : 3 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81670300
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by grant No. 81670300 (to ZH) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and University of California, Irvine School of Medicine Setup Funds (to GWA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
                Reperfusion
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Transplantation
                Organ Transplantation
                Lung Transplantation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Respiratory System Procedures
                Lung Transplantation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cell Processes
                Cell Death
                Apoptosis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Response
                Inflammation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Response
                Inflammation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Signs and Symptoms
                Inflammation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Signs and Symptoms
                Inflammation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Vascular Medicine
                Ischemia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
                Trauma Medicine
                Reperfusion Injury
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Post-Translational Modification
                Phosphorylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Cell biology
                Signal transduction
                Cell signaling
                STAT signaling
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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