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      Prevalência de paralisia diafragmática após bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via posterior com ropivacaína a 0,2% Translated title: Prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis after brachial plexus blockade by the posterior approach with 0.2% ropivacaine Translated title: Prevalencia de parálisis diafragmática después del bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía posterior con ropivacaína a 0,2%

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via interescalênica descrita por Winnie é uma das técnicas mais eficazes para promover analgesia pós-operatória de intervenções cirúrgicas no ombro. Uma de suas conseqüências é a paralisia diafragmática. Esta paralisia pode levar, em pacientes com algum grau de disfunção pulmonar prévia, à insuficiência respiratória. A abordagem do plexo braquial por via posterior tem conquistado espaço. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de paralisia diafragmática, após o bloqueio de plexo braquial interescalênico pela via posterior com o uso de ropivacaína a 0,2%. MÉTODO: Vinte e dois pacientes submetidos ao bloqueio do plexo braquial interescalênico pela via posterior com ropivacaína a 0,2%, foram avaliados no pós-operatório com o objetivo de identificar sinais radiológicos de elevação da cúpula diafragmática sugestivos de paralisia hemidiafragmática. Em 20 pacientes utilizou-se 40 mL de ropivacaína a 0,2%, nestes foi realizada radiografia de tórax em inspiração. Em dois foram utilizados 20 mL de ropivacaína a 0,2%, com subseqüente avaliação fluoroscópica. RESULTADOS: Não houve complicações relacionadas à realização do bloqueio. Em todos os pacientes, o bloqueio foi efetivo e proporcionou boa analgesia pós-operatória. Foi observada elevação da cúpula diafragmática compatível com paralisia hemidiafragmática em todos os casos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições deste estudo observou-se que o bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior é uma técnica que está associada à alta prevalência de paralisia diafragmática, mesmo utilizando-se baixas concentrações de anestésico local.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brachial plexus blockade by the interscalene approach, described by Winnie, is one of the most effective techniques in promoting postoperative analgesia in surgeries of the shoulder. Diaphragmatic paralysis is one of the consequences of this technique. This paralysis can cause respiratory failure in patients with prior lung dysfunction. Brachial plexus blockade by the posterior approach has become increasingly more popular. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis after interscalene brachial plexus blockade by the posterior approach with 0.2% ropivacaine. METHODS: Twenty-two patients who underwent interscalene brachial plexus blockade by the posterior approach with 0.2% ropivacaine were evaluated in the postoperative period to identify radiological signs of elevation of the hemidiaphragm that could suggest hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Forty mL of 0.2% ropivacaine were used in 20 patients; inspiratory chest X-rays were done in these patients. Twenty mL of 0.2% ropivacaine were used in two patients, with posterior fluoroscopic evaluation. RESULTS: There were no complications related to the procedure. The anesthesia was effective in every patient, providing good postoperative analgesia. Every patient in this study presented elevation of the diaphragm compatible with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that brachial plexus blockade by the posterior approach is associated with a high prevalence of diaphragmatic paralysis, even with low concentrations of local anesthetics.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo de plexo braquial por vía interescalénica descrita por Winnie es una de las técnicas más eficaces para promover la analgesia postoperatoria de intervenciones quirúrgicas en el hombro. Una de sus consecuencias es la parálisis diafragmática. En pacientes con algún grado de disfunción pulmonar previa, esa parálisis puede conllevar a la insuficiencia respiratoria. El abordaje del plexo braquial por vía posterior ha conquistado espacio. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de determinar la prevalencia de parálisis diafragmática, después del bloqueo de plexo braquial interescalénico por vía posterior con el uso de ropivacaína a 0,2%. MÉTODO: Veinte y dos pacientes sometidos al bloqueo del plexo braquial interescalénico por vía posterior con ropivacaína a 0,2% fueron evaluados en el postoperatorio con el objetivo de identificar señales radiológicas de elevación de la cúpula diafragmática sugestivas de parálisis hemidiafragmática. En 20 pacientes se utilizó 40 mL de ropivacaína a 0,2%, en ellos fue realizada la radiografía de tórax en inspiración. En dos fueron utilizados 20 mL de ropivacaína a 0,2%, con la siguiente evaluación fluoroscópica. RESULTADOS: No hubo complicaciones relacionadas con la realización del bloqueo. En todos los pacientes, el bloqueo fue efectivo y proporcionó una buena analgesia postoperatoria. Se observó una elevación de la cúpula diafragmática compatible con la parálisis hemidiafragmática en todos los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: En las condiciones de este estudio se pudo observar que el bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía posterior es una técnica que está asociada a la alta prevalencia de parálisis diafragmática, incluso cuando se utilizan bajas concentraciones de anestésico local.

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          Ultrasound evaluation of the paralyzed diaphragm.

          Ultrasound has been used to evaluate diaphragm thickness in the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the rib cage. The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasonography could distinguish between a paralyzed and normally functioning diaphragm. We predicted that a paralyzed diaphragm would be atrophic and not shorten, therefore it would be thin and not thicken during inspiration. Thirty subjects (five with bilateral diaphragm paralysis, seven with unilateral diaphragm paralysis, three with inspiratory weakness but normally functioning diaphragms, and 15 healthy control subjects) had diaphragm ultrasound performed with a 7.5 to 10.0 MHz transducer placed over the lower rib cage in the mid-axillary line. The thickness of the diaphragm (tdi) was measured to the nearest 0.1 mm at FRC (t(di)FRC) and TLC (t(di)TLC). Diaphragm thickening during inspiration (delta t(di)) was calculated as (t(di)TLC - t(di)FRC)/t(di)FRC. In patients with unilateral paralysis, t(di) and delta t(di) for the paralyzed hemidiaphragm were significantly less than those values for the normally functioning hemidiaphragm (1.7 +/- 0.2 mm versus 2.7 +/- 0.5 mm [mean + SD] p < 0.01 for t(di), and -8.5 +/- 13% versus 65 +/- 26% [p < 0.001] for delta t(di)). The t(di) and delta t(di) for patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis were significantly less than those values for the healthy volunteers (1.8 +/- 0.2 versus 2.8 +/- 0.4 and -1 +/- 15% versus 37 +/- 9% for t(di) and delta t(di), respectively) (p < 0.001). We conclude that ultrasound measurements of t(di) and delta t(di) can be used to determine if a diaphragm is paralyzed and confirm our predictions that a chronically paralyzed diaphragm is atrophic and does not thicken during inspiration.
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            One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography.

            Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia for shoulder surgery routinely includes sensory anesthesia of the fourth and fifth cervical nerves. The authors reasoned that some degree of diaphragm paralysis should result from interscalene blocks that produce surgical C3-C5 sensory anesthesia. In this investigation, ultrasonography was used to study the incidence of ipsilateral hemidiaphragmatic paresis during routine interscalene block, as it is a practical, sensitive, and low-risk method for diagnosing hemidiaphragmatic function without radiation exposure. Thirteen healthy patients received interscalene blocks using a paresthesia technique with 34-52 mL 1.5% mepivacaine with added epinephrine and bicarbonate. All developed cervical sensory anesthesia. Data were collected before and 2, 5, and 10 min after injection, and, when possible (11 of 13 patients), at hourly intervals after surgery. Changes from normal to paradoxical motion of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm were seen in all 13 patients during sniff and Mueller maneuvers within 5 min (in 11 of 13 patients at 2 min). Diaphragmatic motion returned to normal in 10 of 11 patients between 3 and 4 h after injection and in the remaining patient by the fifth hour after injection. Diaphragmatic paresis appears to be an inevitable consequence of interscalene brachial plexus block when providing anesthesia sufficient for shoulder surgery.
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              Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                0034-7094
                1806-907X
                October 2006
                : 56
                : 5
                : 461-469
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Lifecenter
                Article
                S0034-70942006000500004 S0034-7094(06)05600504
                cafc8368-049b-4e38-a80f-995086b3ea09

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 June 2006
                : 05 January 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Científicos

                COMPLICATIONS,ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, Regional,ANESTHETICS, Local,SURGERY, Orthopedic,TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, Regional,COMPLICAÇÕES,CIRURGIA, Ortopédica,ANESTÉSICOS, Local

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