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      Turner syndrome: counseling prior to oocyte donation Translated title: Síndrome de Turner: aconselhamento prévio à doação de oócito

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          ABSTRACT

          Ovarian failure is a typical feature of Turner syndrome (TS). Patients are followed clinically with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and inclusion in the oocyte donation program, if necessary. For patients with spontaneous puberty, genetic counseling regarding preimplantation genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis is indicated. Patients with dysgenetic gonads and a Y chromosome are at increased risk of developing gonadoblastoma. Even though this is not an invasive tumor, its frequent association with other malignant forms justifies prophylactic gonadectomy. It is important to perform gonadectomy before HRT and pregnancy with oocyte donation. Among patients with TS stigmata and female genitalia, many have the Y chromosome in one of the cell lines. For this reason, all patients should undergo cytogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, in cases of structural chromosomal alterations or hidden mosaicism, the conventional cytogenetic techniques may be ineffective and molecular investigation is indicated. The author proposes a practical approach for investigating women with TS stigmata in whom identification of the X or Y chromosome is important for clinical management and follow-up.

          RESUMO

          A falência ovariana é um achado típico da síndrome de Turner (ST). As pacientes podem ser submetidas à terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH) e incluídas em programas de doação de oócito, quando necessário. Para as pacientes com puberdade espontânea, está indicado o aconselhamento genético para a futura descendência abordando os diagnósticos genéticos pré-natal e pré-implantação. Pacientes com gônadas disgenéticas e cromossomo Y apresentam risco aumentado para desenvolvimento de gonadoblastoma. Embora esse tumor não seja invasivo, sua associação freqüente com tumores malignos justificaria a gonadectomia profilática. Entre as pacientes com estigmas da ST e genitália feminina, muitas apresentam cromossomo Y em pelo menos uma linhagem celular. Por essa razão, todas as pacientes devem ser submetidas à análise citogenética, para a realização de cirurgia antes do início da TRH e da gravidez com doação de oócito. No entanto, em casos de alteração cromossômica estrutural ou mosaicismo críptico, as técnicas citogenéticas convencionais podem não ser efetivas, estando indicada a investigação molecular. Uma abordagem prática para o médico investigar as pacientes com ST é proposta neste artigo, devido à importância da identificação do cromossomo Y ou de um segundo cromossomo X para o manejo clínico e o acompanhamento das pacientes.

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          Most cited references40

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          Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism: tables of 90%, 95% and 99% confidence limits and comments on use.

          E B Hook (1976)
          Tables specifically tailored to the exclusion of cytogenetic mosaicism at three confidence levels are presented. The consequences of the assumption of independence in application of the binomial theorem to this question are discussed. The tables are most applicable to the number of cells evaluated from cultures in which all mitoses are arrested in the first in vitro division. For long-term cultures the tables are conservatively applicable to the number of separate colonies evaluated. If n cells have been evaluated from phytohemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood after 72 hr in cultures, the tables are applicable to between n/2 and n cells.
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            Turner's syndrome.

            Before chromosomal analysis became available, the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome was based on the characteristics independently described by Otto Ullrich and Henry Turner, such as short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, typical, visible dysmorphic stigmata, and abnormalities in organs, which present in individuals with a female phenotype. Today, Turner's syndrome or Ullrich-Turner's syndrome may be defined as the combination of characteristic physical features and complete or part absence of one of the X chromosomes, frequently accompanied by cell-line mosaicism. The increasing interest in Turner's syndrome over the past two decades has been motivated both by the quest for a model by which the multi-faceted features of this disorder can be understood, and the endeavour to provide life-long support to the patient. New developments in research allow patients with Turner's syndrome to have multidisciplinary care.
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              Abnormal sexual differentiation and neoplasia.

              The prevalence of neoplasia is increased in individuals with certain disorders of sexual differentiation. Etiology and frequency of neoplasia vary with the particular disorder. In uncomplicated cryptorchidism, the testis is at least 10 times more likely to undergo neoplastic transformation than a normal scrotal testis. Neoplasia probably is a function of both testicular location (intraabdominal) and underlying dysgenetic structure. If cryptorchidism is unilateral, and if orchiopexy has not been performed prior to age 6-10 years, orchiectomy should be encouraged. In those forms of gonadal dysgenesis not associated with a Y chromosome (e.g., 45,X; 45,X/46,XX; 46,XX) there is no definite increase in neoplasia, suggesting that elevated gonadotropin levels per se are not carcinogenic. Gonadal tumors are found in at least 30% of individuals with XY gonadal dysgenesis and are particularly frequent (55%) in H-Y antigen-positive patients. These tumors are almost always gonadoblastomas or dysgerminomas. Similar tumors are found in 15%-20% of 45,X/46,XY individuals. In either situation the neoplastic transformation could be a) secondary to the existence of XY gonadal tissue in an inhospitable environment, or b) integrally related to that process--genetic or cytogenetic--producing the dysgenetic gonads. The risk of neoplasia is sufficiently high that most of these patients should be offered early gonadal extirpation. The prevalence of gonadal tumors is not increased in Klinefelter's syndrome, further indicating that gonadotropins are not carcinogenic per se. However, Klinefelter patients are 20 times more likely to develop a carcinoma of the breast than are 46,XY males. Extragonadal germ cell tumors also are more common. In female pseudohermaphrodites there is probably no increased risk of neoplasia, whereas, in true hermaphrodites neoplasia is unusual but does occur. Neoplasia occurs in patients with complete testicular feminization (complete androgen insensitivity) but rarely in those with incomplete testicular feminization/Reifenstein's syndrome, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, anorchia, agonadia, or testosterone biosynthetic defects. In complete testicular feminization the risk of malignant tumors is small prior to age 25. After age 25, it is about 2%-5%. Orchiectomy is recommended after pubertal feminization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                04 March 2007
                2007
                : 125
                : 2
                : 112-114
                Author notes
                [Address for correspondence: ] Ester Silveira Ramos Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Bandeirantes, 3.900 Ribeirão Preto (SP) — Brasil — CEP 14049-900 Tel. (+ 55 16) 602-3076 Fax. (+ 55 16) 633-0069 E-mail: esramos@ 123456rge.fmrp.usp.br

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/S1516-31802007000200009
                11014687
                17625710
                cae33942-2e59-447b-a3b7-d2186db09f8e

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 10 July 2006
                : 14 November 2006
                : 23 February 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 3
                Categories
                Review Article

                turner syndrome,oocyte donation,gonadoblastoma,counseling,y chromosome,síndrome de turner,doação de oócitos,aconselhamento,cromossomo y

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