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      Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Saccharomyces cerevisiae Telomeres: Beginning to End

      research-article
      Author(s): * , , † , 2
      Publication date PMC-release:
      Journal: Genetics
      Publisher: Genetics Society of America

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          Abstract

          The mechanisms that maintain the stability of chromosome ends have broad impact on genome integrity in all eukaryotes. Budding yeast is a premier organism for telomere studies. Many fundamental concepts of telomere and telomerase function were first established in yeast and then extended to other organisms. We present a comprehensive review of yeast telomere biology that covers capping, replication, recombination, and transcription. We think of it as yeast telomeres—soup to nuts.

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          Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization.

          Srinivasan Iyer, Michael Eisen, A Futcher … (1998)
          We sought to create a comprehensive catalog of yeast genes whose transcript levels vary periodically within the cell cycle. To this end, we used DNA microarrays and samples from yeast cultures synchronized by three independent methods: alpha factor arrest, elutriation, and arrest of a cdc15 temperature-sensitive mutant. Using periodicity and correlation algorithms, we identified 800 genes that meet an objective minimum criterion for cell cycle regulation. In separate experiments, designed to examine the effects of inducing either the G1 cyclin Cln3p or the B-type cyclin Clb2p, we found that the mRNA levels of more than half of these 800 genes respond to one or both of these cyclins. Furthermore, we analyzed our set of cell cycle-regulated genes for known and new promoter elements and show that several known elements (or variations thereof) contain information predictive of cell cycle regulation. A full description and complete data sets are available at http://cellcycle-www.stanford.edu
          Article 0 comments Cited 681 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts.

            C Greider, E H Blackburn (1985)
            We have found a novel activity in Tetrahymena cell free extracts that adds tandem TTGGGG repeats onto synthetic telomere primers. The single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (TTGGGG)4 and TGTGTGGGTGTGTGGGTGTGTGGG, consisting of the Tetrahymena and yeast telomeric sequences respectively, each functioned as primers for elongation, while (CCCCAA)4 and two nontelomeric sequence DNA oligomers did not. Efficient synthesis of the TTGGGG repeats depended only on addition of micromolar concentrations of oligomer primer, dGTP, and dTTP to the extract. The activity was sensitive to heat and proteinase K treatment. The repeat addition was independent of both endogenous Tetrahymena DNA and the endogenous alpha-type DNA polymerase; and a greater elongation activity was present during macronuclear development, when a large number of telomeres are formed and replicated, than during vegetative cell growth. We propose that the novel telomere terminal transferase is involved in the addition of telomeric repeats necessary for the replication of chromosome ends in eukaryotes.
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              Sgs1 helicase and two nucleases Dna2 and Exo1 resect DNA double-strand break ends.

              Zhu Zhu, Woo-Hyun Chung, Eun Yong Shim … (2008)
              Formation of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) tails at a double-strand break (DSB) is a key step in homologous recombination and DNA-damage signaling. The enzyme(s) producing ssDNA at DSBs in eukaryotes remain unknown. We monitored 5'-strand resection at inducible DSB ends in yeast and identified proteins required for two stages of resection: initiation and long-range 5'-strand resection. We show that the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex (MRX) initiates 5' degradation, whereas Sgs1 and Dna2 degrade 5' strands exposing long 3' strands. Deletion of SGS1 or DNA2 reduces resection and DSB repair by single-strand annealing between distant repeats while the remaining long-range resection activity depends on the exonuclease Exo1. In exo1Deltasgs1Delta double mutants, the MRX complex together with Sae2 nuclease generate, in a stepwise manner, only few hundred nucleotides of ssDNA at the break, resulting in inefficient gene conversion and G2/M damage checkpoint arrest. These results provide important insights into the early steps of DSB repair in eukaryotes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 391 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genetics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genetics
                Journal ID (hwp): genetics
                Journal ID (pmc): genetics
                Journal ID (publisher-id): genetics
                Title: Genetics
                Publisher: Genetics Society of America
                ISSN (Print): 0016-6731
                ISSN (Electronic): 1943-2631
                Publication date (Print and electronic): August 2012
                Publication date (Print): August 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: August 2012
                Volume: 191
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1073-1105
                Affiliations
                [* ]Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, RNA-Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada, and
                [† ]Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
                Author notes
                [1]

                Present address: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1E 4K8 Canada.

                [2 ]Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Rd., LTL, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014. E-mail: vzakian@ 123456princeton.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 137851
                DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.137851
                PMC ID: 3415994
                PubMed ID: 22879408
                SO-VID: cac4432f-a4cb-4d2f-8b57-dd17c6c264c8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 by the Genetics Society of America
                License:

                Available freely online through the author-supported open access option.

                History
                Date received : 14 December 2011
                Date accepted : 29 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: YeastBook
                Subject: Genome Organization & Integrity
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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