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      A highly acid-resistant novel strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii No. 1088 has antibacterial activity, including that against Helicobacter pylori, and inhibits gastrin-mediated acid production in mice

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          Abstract

          A novel strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii No. 1088 was isolated from the gastric juice of a healthy Japanese male volunteer, and characterized for its effectiveness in the stomach environment. Lactobacillus johnsonii No. 1088 was found to have the strongest acid resistance among several lactobacilli examined (>10% of cells survived at pH 1.0 after 2 h), and such a high acid resistance property was a specific characteristic of this strain of L. johnsonii. When cultured with various virulent bacteria, L. johnsonii No. 1088 inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli O-157, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Clostridium difficile, in which case its effectiveness was more potent than that of a type strain of L. johnsonii,JCM2012. In addition to its effect in vitro, L. johnsonii No. 1088 inhibited the growth of H. pylori in human intestinal microbiota-associated mice in both its live and lyophilized forms. Moreover, L. johnsonii No. 1088 suppressed gastric acid secretion in mice via decreasing the number of gastrin-positive cells in the stomach. These results taken together suggest that L. johnsonii No. 1088 is a unique lactobacillus having properties beneficial for supporting H. pylori eradication by triple therapy including the use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and also for prophylaxis of gastroesophageal reflux disease possibly caused after H. pylori eradication as a side effect of PPI.

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          DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers.

          J Williams, A Kubelik, K Livak … (1990)
          Molecular genetic maps are commonly constructed by analyzing the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among the progeny of a sexual cross. Here we describe a new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. These polymorphisms, simply detected as DNA segments which amplify from one parent but not the other, are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and can be used to construct genetic maps in a variety of species. We suggest that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
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            Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.

            Christopher J Chin, Kasipathy Kailasapathy (2000)
            The present paper provides an overview on the use of probiotic organisms as live supplements, with particular emphasis on Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. The therapeutic potential of these bacteria in fermented dairy products is dependent on their survival during manufacture and storage. Probiotic bacteria are increasingly used in food and pharmaceutical applications to balance disturbed intestinal microflora and related dysfunction of the human gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. have been reported to be beneficial probiotic organisms that provide excellent therapeutic benefits. The biological activity of probiotic bacteria is due in part to their ability to attach to enterocytes. This inhibits the binding of enteric pathogens by a process of competitive exclusion. Attachment of probiotic bacteria to cell surface receptors of enterocytes also initiates signalling events that result in the synthesis of cytokines. Probiotic bacteria also exert an influence on commensal micro-organisms by the production of lactic acid and bacteriocins. These substances inhibit growth of pathogens and also alter the ecological balance of enteric commensals. Production of butyric acid by some probiotic bacteria affects the turnover of enterocytes and neutralizes the activity of dietary carcinogens, such as nitrosamines, that are generated by the metabolic activity of commensal bacteria in subjects consuming a high-protein diet. Therefore, inclusion of probiotic bacteria in fermented dairy products enhances their value as better therapeutic functional foods. However, insufficient viability and survival of these bacteria remain a problem in commercial food products. By selecting better functional probiotic strains and adopting improved methods to enhance survival, including the use of appropriate prebiotics and the optimal combination of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics), an increased delivery of viable bacteria in fermented products to the consumers can be achieved.
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              Surviving the acid test: responses of gram-positive bacteria to low pH.

              Paul D. Cotter, Colin Hill (2003)
              Gram-positive bacteria possess a myriad of acid resistance systems that can help them to overcome the challenge posed by different acidic environments. In this review the most common mechanisms are described: i.e., the use of proton pumps, the protection or repair of macromolecules, cell membrane changes, production of alkali, induction of pathways by transcriptional regulators, alteration of metabolism, and the role of cell density and cell signaling. We also discuss the responses of Listeria monocytogenes, Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, oral streptococci, and lactic acid bacteria to acidic environments and outline ways in which this knowledge has been or may be used to either aid or prevent bacterial survival in low-pH environments.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microbiologyopen
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microbiologyopen
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mbo3
                Title: MicrobiologyOpen
                Publisher: BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 2045-8827
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-8827
                Publication date (Print): June 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 March 2015
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 465-474
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1103, Japan
                [2 ]Snowden Co., Ltd. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032, Japan
                Author notes
                Correspondence Yasuhiko Komatsu, Snowden Co., Ltd., 2-7-6 Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3866-2828; Fax: +81-3-3866-3031; E-mail: gc5y-kmt@ 123456asahi-net.or.jp

                Funding Information Funded by Snowden Co., Ltd.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.252
                PMC ID: 4475388
                PubMed ID: 25771812
                SO-VID: c9a982a6-312d-45cc-937e-9163d0a5abc2
                Copyright © © 2015 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2014
                Date revision received : 07 February 2015
                Date accepted : 19 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease,helicobacter pylori,lactic acid bacteria,lactobacillus johnsonii,probiotics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease, helicobacter pylori, lactic acid bacteria, lactobacillus johnsonii, probiotics

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