Therapeutic potentials of allicin in cardiovascular disease: advances and future directions

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the predominant cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Against this backdrop, finding effective drugs for the pharmacological treatment of CVD has become one of the most urgent and challenging issues in medical research. Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) is one of the oldest plants and is world-renowned for its dietary and medicinal values. Allicin ( diallyl thiosulfinate) is one of the primary natural active ingredients in garlic, which has been proven to have powerful cardioprotective effects and mediate various pathological processes related to CVD, such as inflammatory factor secretion, myocardial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and more. Therefore, allicin holds a promising application prospect in the treatment of CVD. This review summarized the biological functions of allicin and its potential mechanisms in CVD, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects. Reckoning with these, we delved into recent studies on allicin’s cardioprotective effects concerning various CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and cardiotoxicity. Further, considering the tremendous advancement in nanomedicine, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems show promise in addressing limitations of allicin’s clinical applications, including improving its solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Through this review, we hope to provide a reference for further research on allicin in cardioprotection and drug development.

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Connie Tsao, Aaron Aday, Zaid I Almarzooq … (2022)

Background: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). Methods: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2022 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year’s edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population and an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, and the global burden of cardiovascular disease and healthy life expectancy. Results: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. Conclusions: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk

W.H. Tang, Zeneng Wang, Bruce S. Levison … (2013)

Recent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and coronary artery disease through the production of a proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We investigated the relationship among intestinal microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine, TMAO levels, and adverse cardiovascular events in humans. We quantified plasma and urinary levels of TMAO and plasma choline and betaine levels by means of liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry after a phosphatidylcholine challenge (ingestion of two hard-boiled eggs and deuterium [d9]-labeled phosphatidylcholine) in healthy participants before and after the suppression of intestinal microbiota with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. We further examined the relationship between fasting plasma levels of TMAO and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during 3 years of follow-up in 4007 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Time-dependent increases in levels of both TMAO and its d9 isotopologue, as well as other choline metabolites, were detected after the phosphatidylcholine challenge. Plasma levels of TMAO were markedly suppressed after the administration of antibiotics and then reappeared after withdrawal of antibiotics. Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001). An elevated TMAO level predicted an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (P<0.001), as well as in lower-risk subgroups. The production of TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).

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Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: Multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities

Sang-Bing Ong, Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz, Gustavo Crespo-Avilan … (2018)

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the heart failure that often follows, are major causes of death and disability worldwide. As such, new therapies are required to limit myocardial infarct (MI) size, prevent adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and reduce the onset of heart failure following AMI. The inflammatory response to AMI, plays a critical role in determining MI size, and a persistent pro-inflammatory reaction can contribute to adverse post-MI LV remodeling, making inflammation an important therapeutic target for improving outcomes following AMI. In this article, we provide an overview of the multiple players (and their dynamic roles) involved in the complex inflammatory response to AMI and subsequent LV remodeling, and highlight future opportunities for targeting inflammation as a therapeutic strategy for limiting MI size, preventing adverse LV remodeling, and reducing heart failure in AMI patients.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Xianlun Li: leexianlun@163.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chin Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chin Med

Title: Chinese Medicine

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1749-8546

Publication date (Electronic): 2 July 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 2 July 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 93

Affiliations

[1 ]National Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, ( https://ror.org/037cjxp13) Beijing, China

[2 ]Binzhou Medical University Hospital, ( https://ror.org/008w1vb37) Shandong, China

[3 ]Peking Union Medical College, ( https://ror.org/02drdmm93) Beijing, China

[4 ]Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, ( https://ror.org/037cjxp13) Beijing, China

Article

Publisher ID: 936

DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00936-8

PMC ID: 11218272

PubMed ID: 38956680

SO-VID: c8eac6a0-31c2-4d05-98c7-95e309099284

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 23 December 2023

Date accepted : 24 April 2024

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;

Award ID: 82274331

Award Recipient : Xianlun Li

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

Keywords: allicin,diallyl thiosulfinate,cardiovascular disease (cvd),cardioprotective mechanisms,nano drug delivery systems

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

Keywords: allicin, diallyl thiosulfinate, cardiovascular disease (cvd), cardioprotective mechanisms, nano drug delivery systems

Therapeutic potentials of allicin in cardiovascular disease: advances and future directions

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The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine

Most cited references 103

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk

Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: Multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities

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