Stability progress of perovskite solar cells dependent on the crystalline structure: From 3D ABX <sub>3</sub> to 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite absorbers

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Abstract

This review presents the progress of the change of the PSK structure from 3 dimensional CH ₃NH ₃PbX ₃ to mixed cations or halides based PSKs and finally to Ruddlesden–Popper PSK two dimensional (2D) homologous structures regarding the lifetime improvement.

Abstract

Among all types of photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received extensive attention because of their potential for achieving cheap, lightweight, and fast fabricated devices. Although PSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 23%, they face issues regarding commercialization such as short lifetime. Remarkably, the most important key factors that regulate the durability of the devices are the type and crystalline structure of perovskite (PSK) materials. Though CH ₃NH ₃PbX ₃ is the first and also the widely utilized material as a light absorber in PSCs, it suffers from undesirable moisture stability, structural phase alteration, and photo and thermal instabilities. In this regard, the PSK crystal structure has been studied as a key factor to prolong the device lifetime. This review presents the progress of the changes in the PSK structure from 3 dimensional CH ₃NH ₃PbX ₃ to mixed cation or halide based PSKs and finally to Ruddlesden–Popper PSK two dimensional (2D) homologous structures regarding the lifetime improvement. To obtain insight on a realistic path towards durable and commercially viable PSCs, how the crystal formation energy, hydrophobicity, interface of the grains, and structural phase strength have been tuned to overcome the lack of the durability in PSK devices and the current status has been studied.

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Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells.

Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai … (2009)

Two organolead halide perovskite nanocrystals, CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3) and CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3), were found to efficiently sensitize TiO(2) for visible-light conversion in photoelectrochemical cells. When self-assembled on mesoporous TiO(2) films, the nanocrystalline perovskites exhibit strong band-gap absorptions as semiconductors. The CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)-based photocell with spectral sensitivity of up to 800 nm yielded a solar energy conversion efficiency of 3.8%. The CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3)-based cell showed a high photovoltage of 0.96 V with an external quantum conversion efficiency of 65%.

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Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites.

Michael Lee, Joël Teuscher, Tsutomu Miyasaka … (2012)

The energy costs associated with separating tightly bound excitons (photoinduced electron-hole pairs) and extracting free charges from highly disordered low-mobility networks represent fundamental losses for many low-cost photovoltaic technologies. We report a low-cost, solution-processable solar cell, based on a highly crystalline perovskite absorber with intense visible to near-infrared absorptivity, that has a power conversion efficiency of 10.9% in a single-junction device under simulated full sunlight. This "meso-superstructured solar cell" exhibits exceptionally few fundamental energy losses; it can generate open-circuit photovoltages of more than 1.1 volts, despite the relatively narrow absorber band gap of 1.55 electron volts. The functionality arises from the use of mesoporous alumina as an inert scaffold that structures the absorber and forces electrons to reside in and be transported through the perovskite.

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Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells.

Julian Burschka, Norman Pellet, Soo-Jin Moon … (2013)

Following pioneering work, solution-processable organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites-such as CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I)-have attracted attention as light-harvesting materials for mesoscopic solar cells. So far, the perovskite pigment has been deposited in a single step onto mesoporous metal oxide films using a mixture of PbX2 and CH3NH3X in a common solvent. However, the uncontrolled precipitation of the perovskite produces large morphological variations, resulting in a wide spread of photovoltaic performance in the resulting devices, which hampers the prospects for practical applications. Here we describe a sequential deposition method for the formation of the perovskite pigment within the porous metal oxide film. PbI2 is first introduced from solution into a nanoporous titanium dioxide film and subsequently transformed into the perovskite by exposing it to a solution of CH3NH3I. We find that the conversion occurs within the nanoporous host as soon as the two components come into contact, permitting much better control over the perovskite morphology than is possible with the previously employed route. Using this technique for the fabrication of solid-state mesoscopic solar cells greatly increases the reproducibility of their performance and allows us to achieve a power conversion efficiency of approximately 15 per cent (measured under standard AM1.5G test conditions on solar zenith angle, solar light intensity and cell temperature). This two-step method should provide new opportunities for the fabrication of solution-processed photovoltaic cells with unprecedented power conversion efficiencies and high stability equal to or even greater than those of today's best thin-film photovoltaic devices.