Global Seasonal Activities of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

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Abstract

Varied seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been reported worldwide. We conducted a systematic review on articles identified in PubMed reporting RSV seasonality based on data collected before 1 January 2020. RSV seasonal patterns were examined by geographic location, calendar month, analytic method, and meteorological factors including temperature and absolute humidity. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between RSV seasonality and study methods and characteristics of study locations. RSV seasons were reported in 209 articles published in 1973–2023 for 317 locations in 77 countries. Regular RSV seasons were similarly reported in countries in temperate regions, with highly variable seasons identified in subtropical and tropical countries. Longer durations of RSV seasons were associated with a higher daily average mean temperature and daily average mean absolute humidity. The global seasonal patterns of RSV provided important information for optimizing interventions against RSV infection.

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons are largely regular in temperate regions but more variable in tropical/subtropical areas. Durations of RSV seasons are not only associated with the meteorological factors but also the methods used in the analysis.

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Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

David Moher, Larissa Shamseer, Mike Clarke … (2017)

Systematic reviews should build on a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review; few reviews report whether a protocol exists. Detailed, well-described protocols can facilitate the understanding and appraisal of the review methods, as well as the detection of modifications to methods and selective reporting in completed reviews. We describe the development of a reporting guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015). PRISMA-P consists of a 17-item checklist intended to facilitate the preparation and reporting of a robust protocol for the systematic review. Funders and those commissioning reviews might consider mandating the use of the checklist to facilitate the submission of relevant protocol information in funding applications. Similarly, peer reviewers and editors can use the guidance to gauge the completeness and transparency of a systematic review protocol submitted for publication in a journal or other medium.

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Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections

Miyu Moriyama, Walter Hugentobler, Akiko Iwasaki (2020)

The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.

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Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Harish Nair, D Nokes, Bradford Gessner … (2010)

Summary Background The global burden of disease attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains unknown. We aimed to estimate the global incidence of and mortality from episodes of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) due to RSV in children younger than 5 years in 2005. Methods We estimated the incidence of RSV-associated ALRI in children younger than 5 years, stratified by age, using data from a systematic review of studies published between January, 1995, and June, 2009, and ten unpublished population-based studies. We estimated possible boundaries for RSV-associated ALRI mortality by combining case fatality ratios with incidence estimates from hospital-based reports from published and unpublished studies and identifying studies with population-based data for RSV seasonality and monthly ALRI mortality. Findings In 2005, an estimated 33·8 (95% CI 19·3–46·2) million new episodes of RSV-associated ALRI occurred worldwide in children younger than 5 years (22% of ALRI episodes), with at least 3·4 (2·8–4·3) million episodes representing severe RSV-associated ALRI necessitating hospital admission. We estimated that 66 000–199 000 children younger than 5 years died from RSV-associated ALRI in 2005, with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Incidence and mortality can vary substantially from year to year in any one setting. Interpretation Globally, RSV is the most common cause of childhood ALRI and a major cause of admission to hospital as a result of severe ALRI. Mortality data suggest that RSV is an important cause of death in childhood from ALRI, after pneumococcal pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae type b. The development of novel prevention and treatment strategies should be accelerated as a priority. Funding WHO; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Contributors

Songwei Shan

Weixin Zhang

Huizhi Gao

Pei-Yu Huang

Zhanwei Du

Yuan Bai

Yiu-Chung Lau

Dongxuan Chen

Eric H Y Lau

Joshua Nealon:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1538-4636

Peng Wu:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-9401

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Forum Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Forum Infect Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): ofid

Title: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Oxford University Press (US )

ISSN (Electronic): 2328-8957

Publication date Collection: May 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 25 April 2024

Volume: 11

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: ofae238

Affiliations

World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Author notes

Correspondence: Peng Wu, PhD, 1/F Patrick Manson Buidling (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ( pengwu@ 123456hku.hk ).

Potential conflicts of interest. J. N. was previously employed by and owns shares in Sanofi. All other authors report no potential conflicts.

Author information

Joshua Nealon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1538-4636

Peng Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-9401

Article

Publisher ID: ofae238

DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae238

PMC ID: 11103620

PubMed ID: 38770210

SO-VID: c86eb762-966f-4221-a3e8-a8635baed3f2

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 05 October 2023

Date: 21 April 2024

Date accepted : 23 April 2024

Date: 20 May 2024

Page count

Pages: 9

Funding

Funded by: Health and Medical Research Fund, DOI 10.13039/501100005847;

Award ID: 18171252

Funded by: Health Bureau of Hong Kong SAR Government;

Funded by: Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong SAR Government;

Global Seasonal Activities of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 61

Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections

Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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