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      Year-round spatiotemporal distribution of harbour porpoises within and around the Maryland wind energy area

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          Abstract

          Offshore windfarms provide renewable energy, but activities during the construction phase can affect marine mammals. To understand how the construction of an offshore windfarm in the Maryland Wind Energy Area (WEA) off Maryland, USA, might impact harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), it is essential to determine their poorly understood year-round distribution. Although habitat-based models can help predict the occurrence of species in areas with limited or no sampling, they require validation to determine the accuracy of the predictions. Incorporating more than 18 months of harbour porpoise detection data from passive acoustic monitoring, generalized auto-regressive moving average and generalized additive models were used to investigate harbour porpoise occurrence within and around the Maryland WEA in relation to temporal and environmental variables. Acoustic detection metrics were compared to habitat-based density estimates derived from aerial and boat-based sightings to validate the model predictions. Harbour porpoises occurred significantly more frequently during January to May, and foraged significantly more often in the evenings to early mornings at sites within and outside the Maryland WEA. Harbour porpoise occurrence peaked at sea surface temperatures of 5°C and chlorophyll a concentrations of 4.5 to 7.4 mg m -3. The acoustic detections were significantly correlated with the predicted densities, except at the most inshore site. This study provides insight into previously unknown fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns in distribution of harbour porpoises offshore of Maryland. The results can be used to help inform future monitoring and mitigate the impacts of windfarm construction and other human activities.

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          Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics

          Tiago Marques, Len Thomas, Stephen W. Martin … (2012)
          Reliable estimation of the size or density of wild animal populations is very important for effective wildlife management, conservation and ecology. Currently, the most widely used methods for obtaining such estimates involve either sighting animals from transect lines or some form of capture-recapture on marked or uniquely identifiable individuals. However, many species are difficult to sight, and cannot be easily marked or recaptured. Some of these species produce readily identifiable sounds, providing an opportunity to use passive acoustic data to estimate animal density. In addition, even for species for which other visually based methods are feasible, passive acoustic methods offer the potential for greater detection ranges in some environments (e.g. underwater or in dense forest), and hence potentially better precision. Automated data collection means that surveys can take place at times and in places where it would be too expensive or dangerous to send human observers. Here, we present an overview of animal density estimation using passive acoustic data, a relatively new and fast-developing field. We review the types of data and methodological approaches currently available to researchers and we provide a framework for acoustics-based density estimation, illustrated with examples from real-world case studies. We mention moving sensor platforms (e.g. towed acoustics), but then focus on methods involving sensors at fixed locations, particularly hydrophones to survey marine mammals, as acoustic-based density estimation research to date has been concentrated in this area. Primary among these are methods based on distance sampling and spatially explicit capture-recapture. The methods are also applicable to other aquatic and terrestrial sound-producing taxa. We conclude that, despite being in its infancy, density estimation based on passive acoustic data likely will become an important method for surveying a number of diverse taxa, such as sea mammals, fish, birds, amphibians, and insects, especially in situations where inferences are required over long periods of time. There is considerable work ahead, with several potentially fruitful research areas, including the development of (i) hardware and software for data acquisition, (ii) efficient, calibrated, automated detection and classification systems, and (iii) statistical approaches optimized for this application. Further, survey design will need to be developed, and research is needed on the acoustic behaviour of target species. Fundamental research on vocalization rates and group sizes, and the relation between these and other factors such as season or behaviour state, is critical. Evaluation of the methods under known density scenarios will be important for empirically validating the approaches presented here.
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            Ultra-High Foraging Rates of Harbor Porpoises Make Them Vulnerable to Anthropogenic Disturbance.

            Danuta Maria Wisniewska, Mark Johnson, Jonas Teilmann … (2016)
            The question of how individuals acquire and allocate resources to maximize fitness is central in evolutionary ecology. Basic information on prey selection, search effort, and capture rates are critical for understanding a predator's role in its ecosystem and for predicting its response to natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Yet, for most marine species, foraging interactions cannot be observed directly. The high costs of thermoregulation in water require that small marine mammals have elevated energy intakes compared to similar-sized terrestrial mammals [1]. The combination of high food requirements and their position at the apex of most marine food webs may make small marine mammals particularly vulnerable to changes within the ecosystem [2-4], but the lack of detailed information about their foraging behavior often precludes an informed conservation effort. Here, we use high-resolution movement and prey echo recording tags on five wild harbor porpoises to examine foraging interactions in one of the most metabolically challenged cetacean species. We report that porpoises forage nearly continuously day and night, attempting to capture up to 550 small (3-10 cm) fish prey per hour with a remarkable prey capture success rate of >90%. Porpoises therefore target fish that are smaller than those of commercial interest, but must forage almost continually to meet their metabolic demands with such small prey, leaving little margin for compensation. Thus, for these "aquatic shrews," even a moderate level of anthropogenic disturbance in the busy shallow waters they share with humans may have severe fitness consequences at individual and population levels.
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              The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management

              L.S. Weilgart (2007)
              Article 0 comments Cited 86 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Songhai Li: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 May 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0176653
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, United States of America
                [2 ]Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
                [3 ]Biacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
                Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: HB ANR.

                • Data curation: JEW.

                • Formal analysis: JEW VL.

                • Funding acquisition: HB ANR.

                • Investigation: JEW MO'B JJR PNH.

                • Methodology: JEW HB VL.

                • Project administration: HB.

                • Resources: HB JEW.

                • Supervision: HB MO'B JEW ANR.

                • Visualization: JEW.

                • Writing – original draft: JEW.

                • Writing – review & editing: JEW VL JJR PNH ANR HB.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-8184
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-00742
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176653
                PMC ID: 5415022
                PubMed ID: 28467455
                SO-VID: c72fce17-0904-41f2-bda2-d556b8be1b96
                Copyright © © 2017 Wingfield et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 6 January 2017
                Date accepted : 13 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
                Award ID: 14-14-1916 BOEM
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Maryland Energy Administration
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Maryland Department of Natural Resources
                Award Recipient :
                The Maryland Department of Natural Resources ( http://dnr.maryland.gov/ccs) secured the funding for this project from the Maryland Energy Administration’s Offshore Wind Development Fund ( http://energy.maryland.gov) and the U.S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program (Grant number 14-14-1916 BOEM)( https://www.boem.gov/Studies/). HB was the recipient of all funding. These funding agencies were given the opportunity to review the study design, preliminary results, and manuscript. However, the funding agencies did not participate in the analyses or manuscript preparation.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Marine Mammals
                Subject: Porpoises
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Marine Biology
                Subject: Marine Mammals
                Subject: Porpoises
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Subject: Marine Biology
                Subject: Marine Mammals
                Subject: Porpoises
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Foraging
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Foraging
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Acoustics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Plant Cell Biology
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Cell Biology
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Types
                Subject: Plant Cells
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Plant Cell Biology
                Subject: Plant Cells
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Cell Biology
                Subject: Plant Cells
                Subject: Chloroplasts
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Materials by Attribute
                Subject: Pigments
                Subject: Organic Pigments
                Subject: Chlorophyll
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Energy and Power
                Subject: Alternative Energy
                Subject: Wind Power
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Animal Migration
                Subject: Animal Navigation
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Animal Migration
                Subject: Animal Navigation
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Animal Signaling and Communication
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Animal Signaling and Communication
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Sensory Physiology
                Subject: Auditory System
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Sensory Physiology
                Subject: Auditory System
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Sensory Systems
                Subject: Auditory System
                Subject: Echolocation
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Material Properties
                Subject: Surface Properties
                Subject: Surface Temperature
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Energy and Power
                Subject: Alternative Energy
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All 4 Excel data files used in this study are available on Dryad (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.25256).

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                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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