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      Exosomes expand the sphere of influence of Eph receptors and ephrins

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      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: The Journal of Cell Biology
      Publisher: The Rockefeller University Press

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          Abstract

          Membrane-anchored Eph receptors and ephrins represent a ubiquitous intercellular communication system that typically engages at sites of cell–cell contact to initiate bidirectional signaling. Gong et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201601085) show that cells can deploy the EphB2 receptor on exosomes to activate ephrinB signaling and collapse the growth cones of distant neurons.

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          Exosomes released by melanoma cells prepare sentinel lymph nodes for tumor metastasis.

          Joshua Hood, Roman San, Samuel Wickline (2011)
          Exosomes are naturally occurring biological nanovesicles utilized by tumors to communicate signals to local and remote cells and tissues. Melanoma exosomes can incite a proangiogenic signaling program capable of remodeling tissue matrices. In this study, we show exosome-mediated conditioning of lymph nodes and define microanatomic responses that license metastasis of melanoma cells. Homing of melanoma exosomes to sentinel lymph nodes imposes synchronized molecular signals that effect melanoma cell recruitment, extracellular matrix deposition, and vascular proliferation in the lymph nodes. Our findings highlight the pathophysiologic role and mechanisms of an exosome-mediated process of microanatomic niche preparation that facilitates lymphatic metastasis by cancer cells.
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            Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour.

            Elena B. Pasquale (2005)
            Eph receptor tyrosine kinases mould the behaviour of many cell types by binding membrane-anchored ligands, ephrins, at sites of cell-cell contact. Eph signals affect both of the contacting cells and can produce diverse biological responses. New models explain how quantitative variations in the densities and signalling abilities of Eph receptors and ephrins could account for the different effects that are elicited on axon guidance, cell adhesion and cell migration during development, homeostasis and disease.
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              Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: From Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance.

              Nicholas Syn, Lingzhi Wang, Gautam Sethi … (2016)
              Exosomes are extracellular signalosomes that facilitate eukaryotic intercellular communication under a wide range of normal physiological contexts. In malignancies, this regulatory circuit is co-opted to promote cancer cell survival and outgrowth. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) carry a pro-EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) programme including transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), caveolin-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), and β-catenin that enhances the invasive and migratory capabilities of recipient cells, and contributes to stromal remodelling and premetastatic niche formation. The integrin expression patterns on TDEs appear to dictate their preferential uptake by organ-specific cells, implying a crucial role of this pathway in organotropic metastasis. Through the expression of immunomodulatory molecules such as CD39 and CD73, TDEs modify the immune contexture of the tumour microenvironment, which could have implications for immunotherapy. Hence, targeting TDE dysregulation pathways, such as the heparanase/syndecan-1 axis, could represent novel therapeutic strategies in the quest to conquer cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Cell Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jcb
                Journal ID (hwp): jcb
                Title: The Journal of Cell Biology
                Publisher: The Rockefeller University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0021-9525
                ISSN (Electronic): 1540-8140
                Publication date (Print): 4 July 2016
                Volume: 214
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 5-7
                Affiliations
                [1]Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Elena B. Pasquale: elenap@ 123456sbpdiscovery.org
                Article
                Publisher ID: 201606074
                DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606074
                PMC ID: 4932377
                PubMed ID: 27354377
                SO-VID: c6c860d4-b6a3-4a19-ba6f-097d05026680
                Copyright © © 2016 Pasquale
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 June 2016
                Date accepted : 15 June 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002
                Funded by: Alzheimer’s Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000957
                Categories
                Subject: Commentary
                Subject: Spotlight

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology

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