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      Osteonecrosis mandibular relacionada con medicamentos: conceptos teóricos y prácticos actuales para el odontólogo general Translated title: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: current theoretical and useful concepts for the general practitioner

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          Abstract

          Resumen La osteonecrosis mandibular relacionada con medicamentos (ONMRM), es un síndrome asociado al uso de fármacos antirresortivos (bifosfonatos), inhibidores de ligando RANK-L y de angiogénesis, administrados para el tratamiento de enfermedades como cáncer y osteoporosis. Objetivos: actualizar contenidos respecto a etiopatogenia y tratamientos de ONMRM, enfatizando el rol del factor “infección”, y en la perspectiva de que el tratamiento, pueda ser implementado por el odontólogo general. Materiales y métodos: se realiza un scoping review mediante acceso a las bases de datos MEDLINE (Pubmed) y Cochrane library, de artículos publicados desde el año 2010 en adelante, en inglés y castellano, empleando palabras claves incluidas en los medical subject headings (MeSH). Conclusiones: La evidencia recogida demuestra que, teniendo en cuenta los factores de riesgo individuales, no existen en general contraindicaciones para llevar a cabo exodoncias, bajo específicos protocolos quirúrgicos, en pacientes con terapias antiresortivas o antiangiogénicas, ya que al parecer, el origen de la ONMRM se asocia a contaminación por biofilm, más que al uso o efecto de estos fármacos. En el caso del tratamiento de una ONMRM ya instalada, las terapias quirúrgicas resultan ser más eficaces que las paliativas en la remisión del cuadro.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a syndrome associated to the use of antiresorptive therapy (bisphosphonates), RANK-ligand inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors drugs, used for the treatment of cancer and osteoporosis among other diseases. Purpose: Update the knowledge on its etiopathogenesis emphasizing the role of infection, and in doing so, look for treatments that can be carried out by general practitioners. Materials and methods: A scoping review is performed through Medline (Pubmed) and Cochrane databases, of articles published from to 2010, in English and Spanish, including MeSH keywords such as “osteonecrosis of the jaw; “antiresorptive drug”; “bisphosphonates”; “Denosumab”; “surgical wound infection”; “dental extraction”. Conclusions: The current evidence demonstrate that, taking into account individual risk factors, teeth extractions can be harmless performed in patients under antiresorptive or antiangiogenic interetherapies because the origin of MRONJ appears to be more related to biofilm contamination than with the use or effects of any specific drug. Once MRONJ is installed, surgical therapies prove to be more effective in the treatment and remission of these lesions.

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          Most cited references35

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          Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management

          Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by Actinomyces spp., anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and genital tracts. Physicians must be aware of typical clinical presentations (such as cervicofacial actinomycosis following dental focus of infection, pelvic actinomycosis in women with an intrauterine device, and pulmonary actinomycosis in smokers with poor dental hygiene), but also that actinomycosis may mimic the malignancy process in various anatomical sites. Bacterial cultures and pathology are the cornerstone of diagnosis, but particular conditions are required in order to get the correct diagnosis. Prolonged bacterial cultures in anaerobic conditions are necessary to identify the bacterium and typical microscopic findings include necrosis with yellowish sulfur granules and filamentous Gram-positive fungal-like pathogens. Patients with actinomycosis require prolonged (6- to 12-month) high doses (to facilitate the drug penetration in abscess and in infected tissues) of penicillin G or amoxicillin, but the duration of antimicrobial therapy could probably be shortened to 3 months in patients in whom optimal surgical resection of infected tissues has been performed. Preventive measures, such as reduction of alcohol abuse and improvement of dental hygiene, may limit occurrence of pulmonary, cervicofacial, and central nervous system actinomycosis. In women, intrauterine devices must be changed every 5 years in order to limit the occurrence of pelvic actinomycosis.
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            Osteocyte morphology in fibula and calvaria --- is there a role for mechanosensing?

            External mechanical forces on cells are known to influence cytoskeletal structure and thus cell shape. Mechanical loading in long bones is unidirectional along their long axes, whereas the calvariae are loaded at much lower amplitudes in different directions. We hypothesised that if osteocytes, the putative bone mechanosensors, can indeed sense matrix strains directly via their cytoskeleton, the 3D shape and the long axes of osteocytes in fibulae and calvariae will bear alignment to the different mechanical loading patterns in the two types of bone. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy and nano-computed tomography to quantitatively determine the 3D morphology and alignment of long axes of osteocytes and osteocyte lacunae in situ. Fibular osteocytes showed a relatively elongated morphology (ratio lengths 5.9:1.5:1), whereas calvarial osteocytes were relatively spherical (ratio lengths 2.1:1.3:1). Osteocyte lacunae in fibulae had higher unidirectional alignment than the osteocyte lacunae in calvariae as demonstrated by their degree of anisotropy (3.33 and 2.10, respectively). The long axes of osteocyte lacunae in fibulae were aligned parallel to the principle mechanical loading direction, whereas those of calvarial osteocyte lacunae were not aligned in any particular direction. The anisotropy of osteocytes and their alignment to the local mechanical loading condition suggest that these cells are able to directly sense matrix strains due to external loading of bone. This reinforces the widely accepted role of osteocytes as mechanosensors, and suggests an additional mode of mechanosensing besides interstitial fluid flow. The relatively spherical morphology of calvarial osteocytes suggests that these cells are more mechanosensitive than fibular osteocytes, which provides a possible explanation of efficient physiological load bearing for the maintenance of calvarial bone despite its condition of relative mechanical disuse.
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              Tooth extraction in patients receiving oral or intravenous bisphosphonate administration: A trigger for BRONJ development?

              Scientific debate outlines tooth extraction as a potential trigger for the onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of tooth extractions in patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                odov
                Odontología Vital
                Odontología Vital
                Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Facultad de Odontología (San Pedro, Lourdes de Montes de Oca, San Pedro, Lourdes de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica )
                1659-0775
                1659-0775
                December 2018
                : 0
                : 29
                : 19-32
                Affiliations
                [4] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile Chile drlisboacd@ 123456gmail.com
                [3] Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad San Sebastián Chile cgreyesaraya@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad San Sebastián Chile paula.andrea.padilla.a@ 123456gmail.com
                [1] Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad San Sebastián Chile tocatunou@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1659-07752018000200019
                c69dc00f-8980-44e4-acfb-c45288d5109b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 April 2018
                : 17 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica


                Osteonecrosis mandibular,dental extraction,medicamentos antirresortivos, bifosfonatos,surgical wound infection,infección herida quirúrgica,extracción dental,denosumab,Osteonecrosis of the jaw,bisphosphonates,antiresorptive drug,Denosumab

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