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      The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network

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          Abstract

          Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.

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          Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching.

          Victoria Gomez-Roldan, Soraya Fermas, Philip Brewer … (2008)
          A carotenoid-derived hormonal signal that inhibits shoot branching in plants has long escaped identification. Strigolactones are compounds thought to be derived from carotenoids and are known to trigger the germination of parasitic plant seeds and stimulate symbiotic fungi. Here we present evidence that carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 shoot branching mutants of pea are strigolactone deficient and that strigolactone application restores the wild-type branching phenotype to ccd8 mutants. Moreover, we show that other branching mutants previously characterized as lacking a response to the branching inhibition signal also lack strigolactone response, and are not deficient in strigolactones. These responses are conserved in Arabidopsis. In agreement with the expected properties of the hormonal signal, exogenous strigolactone can be transported in shoots and act at low concentrations. We suggest that endogenous strigolactones or related compounds inhibit shoot branching in plants. Furthermore, ccd8 mutants demonstrate the diverse effects of strigolactones in shoot branching, mycorrhizal symbiosis and parasitic weed interaction.
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            Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones.

            Mikihisa Umehara, Atsushi Hanada, Satoko Yoshida … (2008)
            Shoot branching is a major determinant of plant architecture and is highly regulated by endogenous and environmental cues. Two classes of hormones, auxin and cytokinin, have long been known to have an important involvement in controlling shoot branching. Previous studies using a series of mutants with enhanced shoot branching suggested the existence of a third class of hormone(s) that is derived from carotenoids, but its chemical identity has been unknown. Here we show that levels of strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones, are significantly reduced in some of the branching mutants. Furthermore, application of strigolactones inhibits shoot branching in these mutants. Strigolactones were previously found in root exudates acting as communication chemicals with parasitic weeds and symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, we propose that strigolactones act as a new hormone class-or their biosynthetic precursors-in regulating above-ground plant architecture, and also have a function in underground communication with other neighbouring organisms.
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              Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture.

              Céline Masclaux-Daubresse, Françoise Daniel-Vedele, Julie Dechorgnat … (2010)
              Productive agriculture needs a large amount of expensive nitrogenous fertilizers. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants is thus of key importance. NUE definitions differ depending on whether plants are cultivated to produce biomass or grain yields. However, for most plant species, NUE mainly depends on how plants extract inorganic nitrogen from the soil, assimilate nitrate and ammonium, and recycle organic nitrogen. Efforts have been made to study the genetic basis as well as the biochemical and enzymatic mechanisms involved in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, and remobilization in crops and model plants. The detection of the limiting factors that could be manipulated to increase NUE is the major goal of such research. An overall examination of the physiological, metabolic, and genetic aspects of nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization is presented in this review. The enzymes and regulatory processes manipulated to improve NUE components are presented. Results obtained from natural variation and quantitative trait loci studies are also discussed. This review presents the complexity of NUE and supports the idea that the integration of the numerous data coming from transcriptome studies, functional genomics, quantitative genetics, ecophysiology and soil science into explanatory models of whole-plant behaviour will be promising.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: September 2018
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2506
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d′Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France; ming.wang@ 123456agrocampus-ouest.fr (M.W.); maria-dolores.perez-garcia@ 123456agrocampus-ouest.fr (M.-D.P.-G.); laurent.oge@ 123456agrocampus-ouest.fr (L.O.); latifa.hamama@ 123456agrocampus-ouest.fr (L.H.)
                [2 ]Equipe “Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement”, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France; Fabienne.Dedaldechamp@ 123456univ-poitiers.fr (F.D.); Rossitza.Atanassova@ 123456univ-poitiers.fr (R.A.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: soulaiman.sakr@ 123456agrocampus-ouest.fr ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-41225424
                [†]

                Soulaiman Sakr and Ming Wang are co-first author

                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-19-02506
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092506
                PMC ID: 6165531
                PubMed ID: 30149541
                SO-VID: c5de9458-ac20-49bc-a087-faba6d499156
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 July 2018
                Date accepted : 13 August 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: sugar,pathway,sensing,crosstalk,regulation,hormone,nitrogen
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: sugar, pathway, sensing, crosstalk, regulation, hormone, nitrogen

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