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      Da evidência à ação: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde para ofertar a profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) ao HIV às pessoas em maior vulnerabilidade Translated title: De la evidencia a la acción: desafíos del Sistema Único de Salud para ofrecer la profilaxis pre-exposición sexual (PrEP) al VIH a personas con mayor vulnerabilidad Translated title: From evidence to action: challenges for the Brazilian Unified National Health System in offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to persons with the greatest vulnerability

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          Abstract

          Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP) tem sido considerada estratégica e promissora no controle da epidemia de HIV globalmente. Contudo, faz-se necessário transpor o conhecimento acumulado pelos estudos de eficácia e demonstrativos à realidade dos serviços e das populações mais vulneráveis à infecção, de forma a alcançar uma ampla cobertura da PrEP. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre tal desafio enfocando duas dimensões: os usuários da profilaxia, com ênfase nos contextos de práticas e de potencial exposição ao HIV; as vantagens comparativas da profilaxia em relação aos demais métodos e os desafios para um uso protetivo e seguro; e os serviços, considerando os princípios organizativos que poderão conferir maior êxito na oferta e na incorporação da PrEP, no bojo das estratégias de prevenção combinada. Foram analisados como alguns princípios - singularidade no cuidado, autonomia para escolha e não hierarquização dos métodos, gestão de risco sexual e flexibilidade de agendamento e complementaridade de uma equipe multiprofissional - podem favorecer a organização do serviço e do cuidado, facilitando a vinculação e retenção dos usuários. Teceram-se algumas considerações acerca de uma relativa incompatibilidade entre a estrutura existente nos serviços e as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde para oferta de PrEP. Concluiu-se que o maior êxito da PrEP como política pública de saúde depende de dois aspectos centrais: assegurar que os serviços sejam ambientes culturalmente diversos e livres de discriminação e a intensificação das intervenções comunitárias, incluindo as redes sociais, de forma a reduzir iniquidades no acesso aos serviços e à PrEP.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: La profilaxis pre-exposición sexual (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estratégica y prometedora acción en el control de la epidemia de VIH globalmente. No obstante, se hace necesario trasladar el conocimiento acumulado por los estudios de eficacia, que muestren la realidad de los servicios y la población más vulnerable a la infección, de manera que se alcance una amplia cobertura de la PrEP. Se propone una reflexión sobre este desafío centrándose en dos dimensiones: usuarios de profilaxis, con énfasis en contextos de prácticas y potencial exposición al VIH; ventajas comparativas de la profilaxis, respecto a los demás métodos, y los desafíos para un uso con protección y seguro; y los servicios, considerando principios organizativos que podrían otorgar un mayor éxito a la oferta e incorporación de la PrEP, en el seno de estrategias de prevención combinada. Se analizaron como algunos principios: singularidad en el cuidado, autonomía para la elección y no jerarquización de los métodos, gestión del riesgo sexual y flexibilidad de citas y complementariedad de un equipo multiprofesional. Todos ellos pueden favorecer la organización del servicio y del cuidado, facilitando la vinculación y preservación de los usuarios. Se elaboraron algunas consideraciones, acerca de una relativa incompatibilidad entre la estructura existente en los servicios y las directrices del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil para la oferta de PrEP. Se concluyó que el mayor éxito de la PrEP, como política pública de salud, depende de dos aspectos centrales: asegurar que los servicios sean ambientes culturalmente diversos y libres de discriminación y la intensificación de las intervenciones comunitarias, incluyendo redes sociales, de forma que se reduzcan las inequidades en el acceso a los servicios y al PrEP.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a promising strategy for controlling the global HIV epidemic. However, it is necessary to translate the knowledge accumulated from clinical trials and demosntration studies to the reality of health services and the groups most vulnerable to infection in order to achieve broad coverage with PrEP. The article proposes a reflection on this challenge, focusing on three dimensions: users of prophylaxis, with an emphasis on the contexts of sexual practices and the potential exposures to HIV; the advantages of prophylaxis as compared to other methods and the challenges for protective and safe use; and health services, considering the organizational principles to ensure greater success in the supply and incorporation of PrEP as part of combination prevention strategies. The following principles were analyzed: uniqueness of care, freedom of choice and non-hierarchization of prevention methods, sexual risk management, scheduling flexibility, and complementary and multidisciplinary care. These principles can foster organization of the health service and care, facilitating linkage and retention in care. Some comments were offered on the relative incompatibility between the existing structure of services and the Brazilian Ministry of Health guidelines for offering PrEP. The conclusion was that the success of PrEP as a public health policy depends on two essential factors: ensuring that health services are culturally diverse settings, free of discrimination, and the intensification of community-based interventions, including social networks, in order to reduce inequalities in access to PrEP and health services as a whole.

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          Most cited references61

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          Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.

          Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. In nine countries, we enrolled 1763 couples in which one partner was HIV-1-positive and the other was HIV-1-negative; 54% of the subjects were from Africa, and 50% of infected partners were men. HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 counts between 350 and 550 cells per cubic millimeter were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive antiretroviral therapy either immediately (early therapy) or after a decline in the CD4 count or the onset of HIV-1-related symptoms (delayed therapy). The primary prevention end point was linked HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1-negative partners. The primary clinical end point was the earliest occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infection, a World Health Organization stage 4 event, or death. As of February 21, 2011, a total of 39 HIV-1 transmissions were observed (incidence rate, 1.2 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 1.7); of these, 28 were virologically linked to the infected partner (incidence rate, 0.9 per 100 person-years, 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.3). Of the 28 linked transmissions, only 1 occurred in the early-therapy group (hazard ratio, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.27; P<0.001). Subjects receiving early therapy had fewer treatment end points (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.88; P=0.01). The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 052 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00074581.).
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            Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study.

            Data for on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are scarce. We implemented a cohort study to assess its efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour.
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              Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities.

              HIV incidence in the United States among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been increasing since 2000, and MSM remain the most heavily impacted risk group in the US HIV epidemic. We modeled HIV transmissions, using data from MSM in five US cities from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, the HIVNET Vaccine Preparedness Study, and other published data. Annual HIV transmissions were estimated by partner type (main or casual) and by sex type (receptive anal intercourse, insertive anal intercourse, or oral sex). Sixty-eight percent [95% confidence interval (CI) 58-78) of HIV transmissions were from main sex partners because of a higher number of sex acts with main partners, more frequent receptive roles in anal sex with main partners, and lower condom use during anal sex with main partners. By sex type, 69% (95% CI 59-79) of infections were from receptive anal intercourse, 28% (95% CI 19-38) were from insertive anal intercourse, and 2% (95% CI 0-5) were from oral sex. The model-based estimated HIV incidence rate was 2.2% (95% CI 1.7-2.7) per year. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated estimates of transmission from main sex partners as low as 52% (95% CI 41-62) and as high as 74% (95% CI 68-80). According to our model, most HIV transmissions among MSM in five US cities are from main sex partners. HIV prevention efforts should take into account the risks of HIV transmissions in male partnerships, and couples-based HIV prevention interventions for MSM should be given high priority in the US HIV prevention research portfolio.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2018
                : 34
                : 7
                : e00206617
                Affiliations
                [5] Los Angeles California orgnameUniversity of Southern California orgdiv1Keck School of Medicine United States
                [4] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameMinistério da Saúde orgdiv1Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais Brazil
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Brazil
                [6] São Paulo orgnameSecretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo orgdiv1Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS-SP Brazil
                [3] Brasília orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Fiocruz de Governo Brazil
                [1] Santos São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Católica de Santos orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2018000703001 S0102-311X(18)03400703001
                10.1590/0102-311x00206617
                30043853
                c5b1b457-1f2f-479f-8acd-520611f63116

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 November 2017
                : 02 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 87, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)

                Profilaxia Pré-Exposição,Profilaxis Pre-Exposición,HIV,Serviços de Saúde,Sexual Health,Salud Sexual,Servicios de Salud,Saúde Sexual,VIH,Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis,Health Services

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