Pacientes difíciles en dermatología

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Abstract

La prevalencia de los trastornos psicosomáticos, dentro de los pacientes dermatológicos es muy alta, pero con frecuencia no se logra una terapéutica adecuada, debido a las severas dificultades en el abordaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento que los mismos representan. Patologías psiquiátricas y psicológicas, pueden desempeñar diferentes funciones en el mecanismo patogénico de varias enfermedades, que se manifiestan en la piel. La base del diagnóstico y del tratamiento, reside en poder diferenciar entre los trastornos de la piel asociados con enfermedades psiquiátricas y las de carácter puramente psiquiátrico pero que se expresan en la piel. Los dermatólogos y psiquiatras deben ser conscientes de estas patologías y trabajar juntos en equipo, para resolver estos difíciles casos.

Translated abstract

The prevalence of psychosomatic disorders in dermatology patients is very high, but often adequate treatment is not achieved due to the severe difficulties in addressing diagnosis and treatment thereof. Psychiatric and psychological factors may play different roles in the pathogenic mechanism of some skin diseases. The basis of diagnosis and treatment is the differentiation between skins disorders associated with mental illness and psychiatric purely character. Dermatologists and psychiatrists should be aware of this condition and work together as a team to solve these difficult cases.

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Most cited references 32

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Psychodermatological aspects of atopic dermatitis.

M Senra, A Wollenberg (2014)

Psychodermatology is an evolving area of science that focuses on the interaction between the mind, skin and body. It is known that various neuroendocrine mediators - including adrenocorticotropin, β-endorphin, catecholamines and cortisol - are produced in response to stress. The resulting increase in endogenous glucocorticoids can disrupt the skin's barrier function, leaving it vulnerable to inflammatory disorders like atopic dermatitis (AD). In turn, AD is associated with high levels of stigmatization, social withdrawal, anxiety and depression among patients and their carers. It is well known that the stress caused by AD can make the symptoms of the disease worse. Therefore, the goal of psychodermatological treatment is not only to improve the condition of the skin, but also to teach patients/carers how to cope with the disease. This requires a multifaceted approach, and time and patience, to ascertain the needs of individual patients. A multidisciplinary team that includes a dermatologist, psychiatrist and psychologist will be necessary to deliver high-quality, tailored care to patients.

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A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with skin conditions.

A Lavda, T. Webb, Alfred Thompson (2012)

Skin conditions can be associated with heightened levels of psychological morbidity, suggesting the need for psychological interventions. A number of specific interventions (such as habit reversal) have been developed. However, to date, there has not been a systematic review of the effectiveness of psychological interventions. We sought to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions designed to improve the severity of and adjustment to skin conditions in adults. Database, archival and citation searches were conducted. Studies were included if participants were allocated to either a psychological intervention (excluding educational interventions and complementary therapies) or a comparison condition, and if they measured outcomes relevant to the skin condition. Twenty-two studies met these inclusion criteria. Effect sizes for each intervention were computed and we also coded a number of potential moderators of intervention efficacy. Psychological interventions were found to have a medium-sized effect on skin conditions (g = 0·54). The type of skin condition, age of sample, nature of the intervention, time interval between the end of the intervention and follow-up, and type of outcome measure all moderated the effect of interventions on outcomes. For example, interventions had a medium effect on the severity of the condition (g = 0·40) and psychosocial outcomes (g = 0·53), and a medium-to-large effect on itch/scratch reactions (g = 0·67). Psychological interventions are beneficial for people with skin conditions. However, more research is needed to extend the variety and focus of the psychological interventions that are available. Studies are also needed to explore the longer-term benefits of such interventions.