Plant Phenolics and Phenolic-Enriched Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Food-Contaminating Microorganisms

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Abstract

Phenolic compounds and extracts with bioactive properties can be obtained from many kinds of plant materials. These natural substances have gained attention in the food research as possible growth inhibitors of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Many phenolic-enriched plant extracts and individual phenolics have promising anti-quorum sensing potential as well and can suppress the biofilm formation and toxin production of food-related pathogens. Various studies have shown that plant phenolics can substitute or support the activity of synthetic food preservatives and disinfectants, which, by the way, can provoke serious concerns in consumers. In this review, we will provide a brief insight into the bioactive properties, i.e., the antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, anti-biofilm and anti-enterotoxin activities, of plant phenolic extracts and compounds, with special attention to pathogen microorganisms that have food relation. Carbohydrase aided applications to improve the antimicrobial properties of phenolic extracts are also discussed.

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Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation.

Lucas Hoffman, David D'Argenio, Michael MacCoss … (2005)

Biofilms are adherent aggregates of bacterial cells that form on biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissues. Biofilms resist antibiotic treatment and contribute to bacterial persistence in chronic infections. Hence, the elucidation of the mechanisms by which biofilms are formed may assist in the treatment of chronic infections, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. Here we show that subinhibitory concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics induce biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In P. aeruginosa, a gene, which we designated aminoglycoside response regulator (arr), was essential for this induction and contributed to biofilm-specific aminoglycoside resistance. The arr gene is predicted to encode an inner-membrane phosphodiesterase whose substrate is cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)-a bacterial second messenger that regulates cell surface adhesiveness. We found that membranes from arr mutants had diminished c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity, and P. aeruginosa cells with a mutation changing a predicted catalytic residue of Arr were defective in their biofilm response to tobramycin. Furthermore, tobramycin-inducible biofilm formation was inhibited by exogenous GTP, which is known to inhibit c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity. Our results demonstrate that biofilm formation can be a specific, defensive reaction to the presence of antibiotics, and indicate that the molecular basis of this response includes alterations in the level of c-di-GMP.

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Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources

Dong-Ping Xu, Ya Ying Li, Xiao-xiao Meng … (2017)

Natural antioxidants are widely distributed in food and medicinal plants. These natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols and carotenoids, exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis and anticancer. The effective extraction and proper assessment of antioxidants from food and medicinal plants are crucial to explore the potential antioxidant sources and promote the application in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and food additives. The present paper provides comprehensive information on the green extraction technologies of natural antioxidants, assessment of antioxidant activity at chemical and cellular based levels and their main resources from food and medicinal plants.

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The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus.

A Ultee, M. Bennik, R Moezelaar (2002)

The natural antimicrobial compound carvacrol shows a high preference for hydrophobic phases. The partition coefficients of carvacrol in both octanol-water and liposome-buffer phases were determined (3.64 and 3.26, respectively). Addition of carvacrol to a liposomal suspension resulted in an expansion of the liposomal membrane. Maximum expansion was observed after the addition of 0.50 micromol of carvacrol/mg of L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine. Cymene, a biological precursor of carvacrol which lacks a hydroxyl group, was found to have a higher preference for liposomal membranes, thereby causing more expansion. The effect of cymene on the membrane potential was less pronounced than the effect of carvacrol. The pH gradient and ATP pools were not affected by cymene. Measurement of the antimicrobial activities of compounds similar to carvacrol (e.g., thymol, cymene, menthol, and carvacrol methyl ester) showed that the hydroxyl group of this compound and the presence of a system of delocalized electrons are important for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Based on this study, we hypothesize that carvacrol destabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane and, in addition, acts as a proton exchanger, thereby reducing the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting collapse of the proton motive force and depletion of the ATP pool eventually lead to cell death.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants

Title: Antioxidants

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921

Publication date (Electronic): 18 February 2020

Publication date Collection: February 2020

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 165

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; kerekeserika88@ 123456gmail.com (E.B.K.); czambranocarrillo@ 123456gmail.com (C.Z.); primula15@ 123456gmail.com (A.K.); pappt@ 123456bio.u-szeged.hu (T.P.); csaba@ 123456bio.u-szeged.hu (C.V.)

[2 ]MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary

[3 ]Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Mars tér 7, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary; krisch@ 123456mk.u-szeged.hu

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: tako78@ 123456bio.u-szeged.hu ; Tel.: +36-62-544-516

Author information

Miklós Takó https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1219-1049

Tamás Papp https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-5431

Judit Krisch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6164-7794

Csaba Vágvölgyi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-7773

Article

Publisher ID: antioxidants-09-00165

DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020165

PMC ID: 7070704

PubMed ID: 32085580

SO-VID: c5962dbc-d600-40cf-a916-ff4c017aeb32

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 28 January 2020

Date accepted : 16 February 2020

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Plant Phenolics and Phenolic-Enriched Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Food-Contaminating Microorganisms

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Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research

Most cited references 138

Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation.

Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources

The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus.

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Cited by 81

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