Burden of Tick-borne Infections on American Companion Animals

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Abstract

This review examines the biology of ticks and tick-borne infections in the United States. The most common tick-borne diseases in dogs and cats are discussed. We demonstrate that there is much interest in tick-borne infections at the level of the lay public (pet owners), describe trends in the distribution and prevalence of tick-borne infections in the United States, summarize some issues in understanding the degree of ill health due to tick-borne infections, and suggest some avenues for research that would clarify these issues.

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Most cited references 39

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Nonfatal, unintentional medication exposures among young children--United States, 2001-2003.

(2006)

Young children are vulnerable to inadvertent exposure to prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications, especially when these items are not stored securely. In 2002, according to death certificate data, 35 children aged < or =4 years died from unintentional medication poisonings in the United States (CDC, unpublished data, 2005). In 2003, according to reports to U.S. poison control centers, pharmaceuticals accounted for 1,336,209 (55.8%) of unintentional chemical or substance exposures. Of those pharmaceutical exposures, 568,939 (42.6%) involved children aged <6 years. For this report, CDC analyzed 2001-2003 data from hospital emergency department (ED) visits reported by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System--All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). The results of this analysis indicated that, during 2001-2003, an estimated 53,517 children aged < or =4 years were treated annually in U.S. EDs for unintentional medication exposures. An estimated 72% of these exposures were in children aged 1-2 years. Children aged < or =4 years can reach items on a table, in a purse, or in a drawer, where medications are often stored; young children also tend to put objects they find in their mouths. Parents and others responsible for supervising children should store medications securely at all times, keep them out of the reach of children, and be vigilant in preventing access by children to daily-use containers such as pill boxes.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona.

Linda J Demma, Marc S Traeger, William L Nicholson … (2005)

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a life-threatening, tick-borne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. This disease is rarely reported in Arizona, and the principal vectors, Dermacentor species ticks, are uncommon in the state. From 2002 through 2004, a focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was investigated in rural eastern Arizona. We obtained blood and tissue specimens from patients with suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ticks from patients' homesites. Serologic, molecular, immunohistochemical, and culture assays were performed to identify the causative agent. On the basis of specific laboratory criteria, patients were classified as having confirmed or probable Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection. A total of 16 patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection (11 with confirmed and 5 with probable infection) were identified. Of these patients, 13 (81 percent) were children 12 years of age or younger, 15 (94 percent) were hospitalized, and 2 (12 percent) died. Dense populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were found on dogs and in the yards of patients' homesites. All patients with confirmed Rocky Mountain spotted fever had contact with tick-infested dogs, and four had a reported history of tick bite preceding the illness. R. rickettsii DNA was detected in nonengorged R. sanguineus ticks collected at one home, and R. rickettsii isolates were cultured from these ticks. This investigation documents the presence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in eastern Arizona, with common brown dog ticks (R. sanguineus) implicated as a vector of R. rickettsii. The broad distribution of this common tick raises concern about its potential to transmit R. rickettsii in other settings. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission.

S Billeter, M Levy, B Chomel … (2008)

Bartonella species are gram-negative bacteria that infect erythrocytes, endothelial cells and macrophages, often leading to persistent blood-borne infections. Because of the ability of various Bartonella species to reside within erythrocytes of a diverse number of animal hosts, there is substantial opportunity for the potential uptake of these blood-borne bacteria by a variety of arthropod vectors that feed on animals and people. Five Bartonella species are transmitted by lice, fleas or sandflies. However, Bartonella DNA has been detected or Bartonella spp. have been cultured from numerous other arthropods. This review discusses Bartonella transmission by sandflies, lice and fleas, the potential for transmission by other vectors, and data supporting transmission by ticks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture methods have been used to detect Bartonella in ticks, either questing or host-attached, throughout the world. Case studies and serological or molecular surveys involving humans, cats and canines provide indirect evidence supporting transmission of Bartonella species by ticks. Of potential clinical relevance, many studies have proposed co-transmission of Bartonella with other known tick-borne pathogens. Currently, critically important experimental transmission studies have not been performed for Bartonella transmission by many potential arthropod vectors, including ticks.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sam R. Telford III

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Top Companion Anim Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Top Companion Anim Med

Title: Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

Publisher: Elsevier Inc.

ISSN (Print): 1938-9736

ISSN (Electronic): 1946-9837

Publication date PMC-release: 26 November 2009

Publication date (Print): November 2009

Publication date (Electronic): 26 November 2009

Volume: 24

Issue: 4

Pages: 175-181

Affiliations

Division of Infectious Diseases and New England Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA USA

Author notes

[* ]Address reprint requests to: Sam R. Telford III, DSc, Division of Infectious Diseases and New England Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA 01536 sam.telford@ 123456tufts.edu

Article

Publisher ID: S1938-9736(09)00073-7

DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.005

PMC ID: 2802828

PubMed ID: 19945085

SO-VID: c573a5c3-e231-46c7-870d-88097845b5ab

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Burden of Tick-borne Infections on American Companion Animals

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Abstract

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Ticks and tick-borne pathogens

Most cited references 39

Nonfatal, unintentional medication exposures among young children--United States, 2001-2003.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona.

Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission.

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