Selection of sunflower genotypes for salt stress and mechanisms of salt tolerance in contrasting genotypes

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the main limiting factors for crop growth. The metabolic responses to salt stress are variable and depend on species characteristics. This study aimed to select sunflower genotypes tolerant to salt stress and evaluate some mechanisms of salt tolerance in two contrasting (salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive) genotypes. In the first assay, the biomass production and the accumulation of Na+ and K+ in 26 sunflower genotypes were evaluated. Genotypes AG963, AG967, AG972, BRS321, BRS324, H251, H360 and H863 showed lower biomass production and were characterized as salt-sensitive and the genotypes BRS323, Catisol, EXP11-26, EXP44-49, EXP60050, EXP887, HLA860HO and Olisun 5 showed higher biomass production and were considered salt-tolerant. The high K+ content and the low Na+ content in the leaves were the ion traits related to salt tolerance and can be used in sunflower breeding programs for this purpose. In the second assay, the plants of salt-tolerant BRS323 had lower Na+ and Cl- contents and higher levels of K+ than plants of salt-sensitive AG967. A better homeostasis in the mechanisms of transport, distribution and accumulation of inorganic solutes in conjunction with a more efficient osmoregulation mechanism through the synthesis of organic solutes may, at least in part, explain the greater salt-tolerance of BRS323 genotype in comparison to AG967.

Translated abstract

RESUMO A salinidade é um dos principais fatores limitantes para o crescimento das culturas. As respostas metabólicas ao estresse salino são variáveis dependendo das características da espécie. O presente estudo teve como objetivo selecionar genótipos de girassol tolerantes ao estresse salino e avaliar alguns mecanismos de tolerância ao sal em dois genótipos contrastantes (tolerantes e sensíveis ao sal). No primeiro ensaio, foram avaliados a produção de biomassa e o acúmulo de Na+ e K+ em 26 genótipos de girassol. Os genótipos AG963, AG967, AG972, BRS321, BRS324, H251, H360 e H863 apresentaram menor produção de biomassa e foram caracterizados como sensíveis ao sal e os genótipos BRS323, Catisol, EXP11-26, EXP44-49, EXP60050, EXP887, HLA860HO e Olisun 5 apresentaram maior produção de biomassa e foram considerados tolerantes ao sal. O alto teor de K+ e o baixo teor de Na+ nas folhas foram as características iônicas relacionados à tolerância ao sal e podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento de girassol para esse fim. No segundo ensaio, as plantas de BRS323 tolerantes ao sal apresentaram menor teor de Na+ e Cl- e maiores níveis de K+ do que as plantas de AG967 sensível ao sal. Uma melhor homeostase nos mecanismos de transporte, distribuição e acumulação de solutos inorgânicos em conjunto com um mecanismo de osmorregulação mais eficiente através da síntese de solutos orgânicos pode, ao menos em parte, explicar a maior tolerância ao sal do genótipo BRS323 em comparação com o AG967.

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Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments.

Ian Jolliffe, Jorge Cadima (2016)

Large datasets are increasingly common and are often difficult to interpret. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique for reducing the dimensionality of such datasets, increasing interpretability but at the same time minimizing information loss. It does so by creating new uncorrelated variables that successively maximize variance. Finding such new variables, the principal components, reduces to solving an eigenvalue/eigenvector problem, and the new variables are defined by the dataset at hand, not a priori, hence making PCA an adaptive data analysis technique. It is adaptive in another sense too, since variants of the technique have been developed that are tailored to various different data types and structures. This article will begin by introducing the basic ideas of PCA, discussing what it can and cannot do. It will then describe some variants of PCA and their application.