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      Role of the Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus)in the Epidemiology of Urban Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil

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          Abstract

          Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a serious public health problem in several Brazilian cities. Although the proximity of chicken houses is often cited as a risk factor in studies of urban ZVL, the role chickens play in the epidemiology of the disease has not been defined. Chickens attract both male and female sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis), but are unable to sustain Leishmania infections, and their presence may exert a zooprophylactic effect. We discuss environmental, physiologic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors related to chicken raising that could influence Le. infantum transmission in Brazilian cities and evaluate whether this practice significantly affects the risk of acquiring ZVL.

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          Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.

          M. E. Woolhouse, C. Dye, J F Etard … (1997)
          From an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, R0. This is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. The rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. The rule implies that control programs targeted at the "core" 20% group are potentially highly effective and, conversely, that programs that fail to reach all of this group will be much less effective than expected in reducing levels of infection in the population as a whole.
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            Emerging infectious pathogens of wildlife.

            A. Dobson, J Foufopoulos (2001)
            The first part of this paper surveys emerging pathogens of wildlife recorded on the ProMED Web site for a 2-year period between 1998 and 2000. The majority of pathogens recorded as causing disease outbreaks in wildlife were viral in origin. Anthropogenic activities caused the outbreaks in a significant majority of cases. The second part of the paper develops some matrix models for quantifying the basic reproductive number, R(0), for a variety of potential types of emergent pathogen that cause outbreaks in wildlife. These analyses emphasize the sensitivity of R(0) to heterogeneities created by either the spatial structure of the host population, or the ability of the pathogens to utilize multiple host species. At each stage we illustrate how the approach provides insight into the initial dynamics of emergent pathogens such as canine parvovirus, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus in the United States.
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              Role of saliva in blood-feeding by arthropods.

              Jose Ribeiro (1986)
              Article 0 comments Cited 123 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): December 2002
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1480-1485
                Affiliations
                [* ]Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                [† ]Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                [‡ ]University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
                [§ ]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Bruce Alexander, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 9RE Scotland, UK; fax: (44) 0131-445-6166; e-mail: b.Alexander@ 123456vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 01-0485
                DOI: 10.3201/eid0812.010485
                PMC ID: 2738513
                PubMed ID: 12498667
                SO-VID: c499fe20-cd9b-4824-b121-8a9a6cb39230
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: urban,chickens,phlebotominae,brazil,leishmaniasis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: urban, chickens, phlebotominae, brazil, leishmaniasis

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