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      Swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging of macular retinal and choroidal structures in healthy eyes

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          Abstract

          Background

          To report the thickness of the retina, retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-related layers, and choroid in healthy subjects using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).

          Methods

          One hundred and forty-six healthy volunteers were consecutively recruited for this prospective observational study. Thickness of retina, RGC-related layers, and choroid in the standard early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) grid were automatically measured using one SS-OCT (DRI OCT-1, Topcon, Japan). The IOL Master (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) was used to measure axial length (AL).

          Results

          Thicknesses of the average macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were 105.3 ± 9.7 and 78.5 ± 6.2 um respectively. Neither of them was significantly related with sex, age, or AL. Both showed strong correlations with retinal thickness (r = 0.793, p = 0.000; r = 0.813, p = 0.000, respectively) and with similar topographic distributions within the retina. The thicknesses of retina and GCC/GCIPL in the inner sectors were significantly higher than in the outer sectors of the EDTRS area, while in the same region of the macula, the choroid exhibited completely different patterns of topographic variation. Men had 7.8 um thicker retina and 34.9 um thicker choroid than women after adjustment for age and AL (all p < 0.05). Age and AL could significantly influence the choroidal thickness but not the retina (all p < 0.05).

          Conclusion

          Thickness of GCC/GCIPL in healthy Chinese individuals is not dramatically different across gender, age, and AL groups in terms of ETDRS grid, but sex is critical for retinal and choroidal thickness. Choroidal structure (but not retinal) can be significantly influenced by age and AL.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0110-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Detection of macular ganglion cell loss in glaucoma by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography.

          Ou Tan, Vikas Chopra, Ake Tzu-Hui Lu … (2009)
          To map ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness with high-speed Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and compute novel macular parameters for glaucoma diagnosis. Observational, cross-sectional study. One hundred seventy-eight participants in the Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study, divided into 3 groups: 65 persons in the normal group, 78 in the perimetric glaucoma group (PG), and 52 in the preperimetric glaucoma group (PPG). The RTVue FD-OCT system was used to map the macula over a 7 x 6 mm region. The macular OCT images were exported for automatic segmentation using software we developed. The program measured macular retinal (MR) thickness and GCC thickness. The GCC was defined as the combination of nerve fiber, ganglion cell, and inner plexiform layers. Pattern analysis was applied to the GCC map and the diagnostic powers of pattern-based diagnostic parameters were investigated. Results were compared with time-domain (TD) Stratus OCT measurements of MR and circumpapillary nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness. Repeatability was assessed by intraclass correlation, pooled standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Diagnostic power was assessed by the area under the receiver operator characteristic (AROC) curve. Measurements in the PG group were the primary measures of performance. The FD-OCT measurements of MR and GCC averages had significantly better repeatability than TD-OCT measurements of MR and NFL averages. The FD-OCT GCC average had significantly (P = 0.02) higher diagnostic power (AROC = 0.90) than MR (AROC = 0.85 for both FD-OCT and TD-OCT) in differentiating between PG and normal. One GCC pattern parameter, global loss volume, had significantly higher AROC (0.92) than the overall average (P = 0.01). The diagnostic powers of the best GCC parameters were statistically equal to TD-OCT NFL average. The higher speed and resolution of FD-OCT improved the repeatability of macular imaging compared with standard TD-OCT. Ganglion cell mapping and pattern analysis improved diagnostic power. The improved diagnostic power of macular GCC imaging is on par with, and complementary to, peripapillary NFL imaging. Macular imaging with FD-OCT is a useful method for glaucoma diagnosis and has potential for tracking glaucoma progression.
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            Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics.

            Ranjay Chakraborty, Francis Collins, Daniel S Read (2011)
            To investigate the pattern of diurnal variations in axial length (AL), choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometrics over 2 consecutive days. Measurements of ocular biometrics and IOP were collected for 30 young adult subjects (15 myopes, 15 emmetropes) at 10 different times over 2 consecutive days. Five sets of measurements were collected each day at approximately 3-hour intervals, with the first measurement taken at ~9 AM and final measurement at ~9 PM. AL underwent significant diurnal variation (P < 0.0001) that was consistently observed across the 2 measurement days. The longest AL was typically observed at the second measurement session (mean time, 12:26) and the shortest AL at the final session of each day (mean time, 21:06). The mean diurnal change in AL was 0.032 ± 0.018 mm. Choroidal thickness underwent significant diurnal variation (mean change, 0.029 ± 0.016 mm; P < 0.001) and varied approximately in antiphase to the AL changes. Significant diurnal variations were also found in vitreous chamber depth (VCD; mean change, 0.06 ± 0.029 mm; P < 0.0001) and IOP (mean change, 3.54 ± 0.84 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). A positive association was found between the variations of AL and IOP (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.0001) and AL and VCD (r(2) = 0.31, P < 0.0001) and a negative association between AL and choroidal thickness (r(2) = 0.13, P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the magnitude and timing of diurnal variations associated with refractive error. Significant diurnal variations in AL, choroidal thickness, and IOP were consistently observed over 2 consecutive days of testing.
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              Macular choroidal thickness and volume in normal subjects measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography.

              Kenji Yamashiro, Akitaka Tsujikawa, Masaya HIRATA … (2011)
              To study the choroidal thickness in healthy subjects by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) at longer wavelength. The macular area of 31 eyes (31 healthy volunteers) was studied with an SS-OCT prototype system, which uses a tunable laser as a light source operated at 100,000 Hz A scan repetition rate in the 1-μm wavelength region. Three-dimensional volumetric measurement comprised of 512 × 128 A scans was acquired in 0.8 second. From a series of OCT images, a chroidal thickness map of the macular area was created by manual segmentation. To evaluate interoperator reproducibility, the choroidal thickness in each section from 10 subjects was determined independently by two observers. SS-OCT at the 1-μm wavelength region allowed visualization of the fine structure of the choroid as well as that of the retina. Mean choroidal thickness and volume in the macula area were, respectively, 191.5 ± 74.2 μm and 5.411 ± 2.097 mm(3). The mean choroidal thickness of the outer nasal area was significantly thinner than that of all other areas (P < 0.05). The measurements by the two independent observers were significantly identical; the intraclass correlation coefficient in mean choroidal thickness was between 0.945 and 0.980 in each area. The macular choroidal thickness was significantly correlated with axial length after adjustment for age (P < 0.001), and with age after adjustment for axial length (P < 0.001). SS-OCT system at 1 μm provides macular choroidal thickness maps and allows one to evaluate the choroidal thickness more accurately.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jiawei Wang: 57302709@qq.com
                Xinbo Gao: 936319557@qq.com
                Wenbin Huang: cyhwenb@gmail.com
                Wei Wang: will.wong@qq.com
                Sida Chen: chenshida123@126.com
                Shaolin Du: challenge134@126.com
                Xingyi Li: xingxing1022@qq.com
                Xiulan Zhang: +86-20-87330484 , zhangxl2@mail.sysu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Ophthalmol
                Title: BMC Ophthalmology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2415
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 September 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 122
                Affiliations
                Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54S.Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 110
                DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0110-3
                PMC ID: 4574621
                PubMed ID: 26383096
                SO-VID: c46a8133-d78a-43b9-adfd-02c70a159597
                Copyright © © Wang et al. 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 February 2015
                Date accepted : 9 September 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

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