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      Rhizophagus clarus controls Meloidogyne javanica and enhances the activity of defense-related enzymes in tomato Translated title: Rhizophagus clarus controla Meloidogyne javanica e aumenta a atividade de enzimas relacionadas a defesa em tomateiro

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause severe damage to tomato crop. This study aimed to investigate the biocontrol potential of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus compared with that of the fungi Trichoderma harzianum and Pochonia chlamydosporia against Meloidogyne javanica in tomato and assess the activity of defense-related enzymes in mycorrhizal roots. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate mycorrhizal colonization, nematode penetration, development, and reproduction, plant growth, and enzyme activity in mycorrhizal roots. We observed that R. clarus colonization of tomato roots increased with time. Although R. clarus did not prevent nematode penetration or development in roots, it was efficient in reducing total nematode numbers. R. clarus, T. harzianum and P. chlamydosporia treatments reduced nematode reproduction by 56.5, 54.4, and 56.9%, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, R. clarus increased tomato shoot weight and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activities.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Os nematoides das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) causam danos severos na cultura do tomateiro. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o biocontrole de M. javanica mediado pelo fungo micorrízico arbuscular Rhizophagus clarus comparado aos fungos Trichoderma harzianum e Pochonia chlamydosporia em tomateiro e atividade de enzimas relacionadas à defesa vegetal em raízes micorrizadas. Três experimentos foram realizados a fim de avaliar: a colonização micorrízica, a penetração, desenvolvimento e reprodução de M. javanica, o desenvolvimento do tomateiro e a atividade de enzimas relacionadas a defesa em raízes micorrizadas. Observou-se que a colonização por R. clarus em tomateiro foi crescente com as épocas de avaliação e, apesar de não impedir a penetração e desenvolvimento de M. javanica nas raízes, foi eficiente em reduzir o número total do nematoide. Os tratamentos R. clarus, T. harzianum e P. chlamydosporia reduziram a reprodução do nematoide em 56,5, 54,4 e 56,9%, respectivamente, se comparados à testemunha. Além disso, R. clarus aumentou as massas de parte aérea do tomateiro e a atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase e peroxidase.

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          A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

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            Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology.

            The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly. © 2013 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.
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              A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

              Previously described methods to quantify the proportion of root length colonized by vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi are reviewed. It is argued that these methods give observer-dependent measures of colonization which cannot be used to compare, quantitatively, roots examined by different researchers. A modified method is described here to estimate VA mycorrhizal colonization on an objective scale of measurement, involving inspection of intersections between the microscope eyepiece crosshair and roots at magnification × 200; it is referred to as the magnified intersections method. Whether the vertical eyepiece crosshair crosses one or more arbuscules is noted at each intersection. The estimate of colonization is the proportion of root length containing arbuscules, called the arbuscular colonization (AC). The magnified intersections method also determines the proportion of root length containing vesicles, the vesicular colonization (VC), and the proportion of root length containing hyphae, the hyphal colonization (HC). However, VC and HC should be interpreted with caution because vesicles and hyphae, unlike arbuscules, can be produced in roots by non-mycorrhizal fungi.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hb
                Horticultura Brasileira
                Hortic. Bras.
                Associação Brasileira de Horticultura (Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil )
                0102-0536
                1806-9991
                June 2022
                : 40
                : 2
                : 162-167
                Affiliations
                [2] Umuarama Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Brazil b.almeidasilva1@ 123456gmail.com
                [1] Maringá Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá Brazil moniquetrs@ 123456hotmail.com
                [3] Umuarama Paraná orgnameUniversidade Paranaense Brazil odair@ 123456prof.unipar.br
                Article
                S0102-05362022000200162 S0102-0536(22)04000200162
                10.1590/s0102-0536-20220205
                c3ca283f-76de-446d-9b30-0439af0c66f4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 March 2022
                : 18 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Research

                indução de resistência,Trichoderma harzianum,Pochonia chlamydosporia,root-knot nematodes,mycorrhiza,resistance induction,nematoide das galhas,micorriza

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