Transcriptional activation of follistatin by Nrf2 protects pulmonary epithelial cells against silica nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress

Abstract

Silica nanoparticles (SiO ₂ NPs) cause oxidative stress in respiratory system. Meanwhile, human cells launch adaptive responses to overcome SiO ₂ NP toxicity. However, besides a few examples, the regulation of SiO ₂ NP-responsive proteins and their functions in SiO ₂ NP response remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that SiO ₂ NP induced the expression of follistatin (FST), a stress responsive gene, in mouse lung tissue as well as in human lung epithelial cells (A549). The levels of Ac-H3(K9/18) and H3K4me2, two active gene markers, at FST promoter region were significantly increased during SiO ₂ NP treatment. The induction of FST transcription was mediated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as evidenced by the decreased FST expression in Nrf2-deficient cells and the direct binding of Nrf2 to FST promoter region. Down-regulation of FST promoted SiO ₂ NP-induced apoptosis both in cultured cells and in mouse lung tissue. Furthermore, knockdown of FST increased while overexpression of FST decreased the expression level of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX5 as well as the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, these findings demonstrated a protective role of FST in SiO ₂ NP-induced oxidative stress and shed light on the interaction between SiO ₂ NPs and biological systems.