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      Organismos entomopatógenos como control biológico en los sectores agropecuario y forestal de México: una revisión Translated title: Entomopathogenic organisms for pest control in the mexican agriculture, livestock and forest sectors: a review

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          Abstract

          Resumen El control biológico es uno de los métodos de manejo de plagas compatibles con el ambiente, ofrece beneficios a la economía de los agricultores, protección al ambiente y a la salud de los consumidores. En esta compilación, se presenta una revisión actualizada sobre las investigaciones que se han realizado hasta el momento en el tema de organismos entomopatógenos para combate de plagas en los sectores agrícola, pecuario y forestal de México. Existen varios tipos de organismos entomopatógenos, tales como hongos, bacterias, nematodos y virus, de los cuales se mencionan las principales aplicaciones, así como las empresas que comercializan en el país productos elaborados con estos. Se resume el progreso y las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años como componentes de las estrategias de manejo integrado de plagas en cultivos, bosques, hábitats urbanos y de importancia médica y veterinaria. Cabe resaltar el amplio interés en el estudio de hongos ─principalmente Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae─ en el sector agrícola; seguido de las aplicaciones en el sector pecuario y por último en el forestal. En cuanto a nematodos, caben resaltar los trabajos y usos, sobre todo, contra la mosca de la fruta. Las bacterias, así como los virus utilizados en el combate de plagas han sido explorados muy escasamente.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Biological control, one of the methods of pest management compatible with the environment, offers benefits to the farmers' economy, environmental protection and consumer health. This is an updated review about the research that has been carried out on entomopathogenic organisms for pest control in the Mexican agriculture, livestock and forest sectors. There are several types of entomopathogenic organisms such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses used for this purpose. It is summarized the progress and research carried out in recent years as components of the integrated pest management strategies in crops, forests, urban habitats, medical and veterinary importance. It is worth highlighting the wide interest in research of entomopathogenic fungi -mainly Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae- in the agricultural sector, followed by their use in the livestock and lastly in the forestry sector. More research and applications should be done regarding entomopathogenic nematodes. Bacteria, as well as viruses, applied to combat pests have been explored very rarely. The main companies that commercialize products with these organisms in the country are also listed.

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          Structure of the insecticidal bacterial delta-endotoxin Cry3Bb1 of Bacillus thuringiensis.

          The coleopteran-active delta-endotoxin Cry3Bb1 from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain EG7231 is uniquely toxic to Diabrotica undecimpunctata, the Southern corn rootworm, while retaining activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the Colorado potato beetle. The crystal structure of the delta-endotoxin Cry3Bb1 has been refined using data collected to 2.4 A resolution, with a residual R factor of 17.5% and an R(free) of 25.3%. The structure is made up of three domains: I, a seven-helix bundle (residues 64-294); II, a three-sheet domain (residues 295-502); and III, a beta-sandwich domain (residues 503-652). The monomers in the orthorhombic C222(1) crystal lattice form a dimeric quaternary structure across a crystallographic twofold axis, with a channel formed involving interactions between domains I and III. There are 23 hydrogen bonds between the two monomers conferring structural stability on the dimer. It has been demonstrated that Cry3Bb1 and the similar toxin Cry3A form oligomers in solution. The structural results presented here indicate that the interactions between domains I and III could be responsible for the initial higher order structure and have implications for the biological activity of these toxins. There are seven additional single amino-acid residues in the sequence of Cry3Bb1 compared with that of Cry3A; one in domain I, two in domain II and four in domain III, which also shows the largest conformational difference between the two proteins. These changes can be implicated in the selectivity differences noted for these two delta-endotoxins.
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            Bioplaguicidas: una opción para el control biológico de plagas

            Se señala el uso indiscriminado de los plaguicidas sintéticos y los problemas que causan para la salud humana, la agricultura y el medio ambiente, y se presentan aspectos generales de los bioplaguicidas y su empleo en el control biológico de plagas. Por su naturaleza, estos productos pueden usarse con seguridad en una agricultura sustentable, y un ejemplo de esto es el uso de los plaguicidas botánicos cuyo ingrediente activo son los terpenos, alcaloides y compuestos fenólicos con efecto insecticida para diversas plagas agrícolas, además son menos costosos, son biodegradables y seguros para el ser humano y el medio ambiente, aunque tienen poca residualidad. Los plaguicidas microbianos están siendo introducidos con éxito en el control de plagas de cultivos como café, caña de azúcar, frijol y maíz. Estos productos son elaborados a base de bacterias, hongos, virus o nematodos entomopatógenos. Sin embargo, pocos agentes entomopatógenos se han desarrollado como agentes de biocontrol efectivo, uno de ellos es la bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Berlinier) para el control del gusano cogollero del maíz Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E Smith) abarcando cerca del 74% del mercado, los hongos 10%, los virus 5% y otros el 11%. Otro caso sobresaliente es el uso del hongo Beauveria bassiana (Bálsamo) contra el gorgojo del frijol Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Los bioplaguicidas anteriores han demostrado que al ser utilizados en forma adecuada en el control biológico de plagas favorecen la práctica de una agricultura sustentable, con menor dependencia de insecticidas químicos
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              Survival and immune response of the Chagas vector Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) against two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea

              Background Chagas disease is a key health problem in Latin America and is caused and transmitted by Trypanosoma cruzi and triatomine bugs, respectively. Control of triatomines has largely relied on the use pyrethroids, which has proved to be ineffective in the long term. Alternatively, the use of entomopathogenic fungi has been implemented to control triatomine bugs. These fungi are highly efficient as they induce a reduction in immune response on insects. Meccus pallidipennis is the main triatomine vector of Chagas disease in Mexico. In this work we investigated the effects of two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea, on M. pallidipennis nymphs in terms of insect survival and immune response. Methods We had an infected and a control group for each fungal species and assessed: a) insect survival during 30 days; and, b) phenoloxidase (PO) and prophenoloxidase (proPO; two key traits in insect immune response) at 24, 48, 96 and 144 h. For survival we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis while for immune response we used factorial, repeated-measures ANOVA for each fungal species. Results Animals treated with M. anisopliae died sooner than animals treated with I. fumosorosea. Infected animals showed lower PO and proPO values than sham individuals, with a clear decrease in these parameters at 24 h with no further changes after this time. Conclusions Our study widens the possibility of entomopathogenic fungi being used for triatomine control. The negative effect on PO and proPO seems mediated by a down-regulation of the triatomine immune response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remcf
                Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales
                Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México, Distrito Federal, Mexico )
                2007-1132
                December 2019
                : 10
                : 56
                : 4-32
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias orgdiv1Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales Mexico
                Article
                S2007-11322019000600004 S2007-1132(19)01005600004
                10.29298/rmcf.v10i56.496
                c3bb5e55-4855-4d3d-b8d6-58f314d00b36

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 August 2019
                : 15 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 29
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                Bacterias entomopatógenas,entomopathogenic virus,plagues,nematodes,entomopathogenic,entomopathogenic fungi,control biológico,biological control,Entomopathogenic bacteria,hongos entomopatógenos,virus entomopatógenos,plagas,nematodos entomopatógenos

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