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      Awareness of U = U among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: Differences According to Self-reported HIV Status

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          Abstract

          The slogan Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U = U) communicates that people living with HIV (PLHIV) who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. We describe awareness of U = U among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) living in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru by self-reported HIV status (PLHIV, negative, unknown) during 2021 using an online survey. We estimated two models using Poisson regression for each population group: Model A including socio-demographic factors (country, gender, age, race, education, and income), and then Model B including taking ART (for PLHIV) or risk behavior, ever-taking PrEP, and HIV risk perception (for HIV-negative or of unknown HIV status). A total of 21,590 respondents were included (Brazil: 61%, Mexico: 30%, Peru: 9%). Among HIV-negative (74%) and unknown status (12%), 13% ever used PrEP. Among PLHIV (13%), 93% reported current use of ART. Awareness of U = U was 89% in both Brazil and Mexico, which was higher than in Peru 64%. Awareness of U = U was higher among PLHIV (96%) than HIV-negative (88%) and HIV-unknown (70%). In multivariate models, PLHIV with lower education were less aware of U = U, while those taking ART were more aware. Among HIV-negative, non-cisgender, lower income, and those with lower education had lower awareness of U = U, while individuals ever using PrEP had higher awareness. In conclusion, awareness of U = U varied by HIV status, socio-demographic characteristics, and HIV risk behavior. The concept of U = U should be disseminated through educational strategies and include a focus on SGM to combat HIV stigma.

          Resumen

          Indetectable = Intransmisible (I = I) comunica que las personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH) y reciben tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) no transmitirán el VIH a sus parejas sexuales. En este estudio, describimos la concienciación sobre I = I entre las minorías sexuales y de género (MSG) de Brasil, México y Perú según el estado de VIH autoreportado (PVVIH, negativo, desconocido) durante 2021 utilizando una encuesta en línea. Se estimaron dos modelos mediante regresión de Poisson para cada grupo: Modelo A, que incluyó factores sociodemográficos (país, sexo, edad, raza, educación e ingresos) y Modelo B, que incluyó recibir TAR (para PVVIH) o comportamiento de riesgo, uso de PrEP y percepción de riesgo (para VIH negativo o desconocido). Se incluyó 21,590 encuestados (Brasil: 61%, México: 30%, Perú: 9%). Entre aquellos negativos para VIH (74%) y con estado desconocido (12%), el 13% utilizó alguna vez PrEP. Entre las PVVIH (13%), el 93% reportó recibir actualmente TAR. La concienciación de I = I fue del 89% tanto en Brasil como en México, superior al 64% de Perú. La concienciación de I = I fue mayor entre PVVIH (96%) que entre los VIH-negativos (88%) y los VIH-desconocidos (70%). En los modelos multivariados, las PVVIH con menor educación eran menos conscientes de I = I, mientras que los que tomaban TAR eran más conscientes. Entre los VIH-negativos, las personas no cisgéneros, con menores ingresos y con menor educación eran menos consciente de I = I, mientras que los que tenían experiencia usando PrEP eran más conscientes. En conclusión, la concienciación sobre I = I varió según el estado serológico de VIH, las características sociodemográficas y el comportamiento de riesgo. El concepto de I = I debe difundirse a través de estrategias educativas, incluyendo un enfoque en MSG para combatir el estigma del VIH.

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          Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission.

          An interim analysis of data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevented more than 96% of genetically linked infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. ART was then offered to all patients with HIV-1 infection (index participants). The study included more than 5 years of follow-up to assess the durability of such therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
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            Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

            A key factor in assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as a prevention strategy is the absolute risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex with suppressed HIV-1 RNA viral load for both anal and vaginal sex.
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              Evidence on viral load and HIV transmission risk in HIV-serodiscordant male homosexual couples is limited to one published study. We calculated transmission rates in couples reporting condomless anal intercourse (CLAI), when HIV-positive partners were virally suppressed, and daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was not used by HIV-negative partners.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kelikako@usc.edu
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                25 April 2024
                25 April 2024
                2024
                : 28
                : 7
                : 2391-2402
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, ( https://ror.org/03taz7m60) 1845 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
                [2 ]Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Sexualidad, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, SIDA y Sociedad, ( https://ror.org/03yczjf25) Lima, Peru
                [3 ]GRID grid.418068.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 0931, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INI-Fiocruz), ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [4 ]Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, ( https://ror.org/05qjm2261) Mexico City, Mexico
                [5 ]Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ( https://ror.org/01tmp8f25) Mexico City, Mexico
                [6 ]GRID grid.414596.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0602 9808, Departmento de Doenças de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissiveis, , Brazilian Ministry of Health, ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [7 ]Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), ( https://ror.org/032y0n460) Mexico City, Mexico
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2836-0174
                Article
                4336
                10.1007/s10461-024-04336-9
                11199300
                38662277
                c3b481bd-3cce-43ee-bf47-0468345dbe95
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 March 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Southern California
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                latin america,u = u,sexual and gender minorities,hiv
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                latin america, u = u, sexual and gender minorities, hiv

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