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      Bodyblade™ Training in Athletes with Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 2 ,
      International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
      NASMI
      glenohumeral, instability, subluxation, upper quarter y-balance test, Western Ontario Shoulder Index

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          Abstract

          Background

          The Bodyblade™ has the potential of enhancing conservative management of Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability (TASI).

          Purpose

          The purpose of this study was to compare three different protocols: Traditional, Bodyblade™, and Mixed (Traditional & Bodyblade™) for shoulder rehabilitation on athletes with TASI.

          Study Design

          Randomized-controlled longitudinal training study.

          Methods

          Thirty-seven athletes (age = 19.9±2.0 years) were allocated into Traditional, Bodyblade™, and Mixed (Traditional/Bodyblade™) training groups (3×week for 8-weeks). The traditional group used resistance bands (10-15 repetitions). The Bodyblade™ group transitioned from classic to the pro model (30-60-s repetitions). The mixed group converted from the traditional (weeks 1-4) to the Bodyblade™ (weeks 5-8) protocol. Western Ontario Shoulder Index (WOSI) and the UQYBT were evaluated at baseline, mid-test, post-test, and at a three-month follow-up. A repeated-measures ANOVA design evaluated within and between-group differences.

          Results

          All three groups significantly (p=0.001, eta 2: 0.496) exceeded WOSI baseline scores (at all timepoints) with training (Traditional: 45.6%, 59.4%, and 59.7%, Bodyblade™: 26.6%, 56.5%, and 58.4%, Mixed: 35.9%, 43.3% and 50.4% respectively). Additionally, there was a significant (p=0.001, eta 2: 0.607) effect for time with mid-test, post-test and follow-up exceeding baseline scores by 35.2%, 53.2% and 43.7%, respectively. The Traditional and Bodyblade™ groups (p=0.049, eta 2: 0.130) exceeded the Mixed group UQYBT at post-test (8.4%) and at three-month follow-up (19.6%). A main effect (p=0.03, eta 2: 0.241) for time indicated that WOSI mid-test, post-test and follow-up exceeded the baseline scores by 4.3%, 6.3% and 5.3%.

          Conclusions

          All three training groups improved their scores on the WOSI. The Traditional and Bodyblade™ groups demonstrated significant improvements in UQYBT inferolateral reach scores at post-test and three-month follow-up compared to the Mixed group. These findings could lend further credibility to the role of the Bodyblade as an early to intermediate rehabilitation tool.

          LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

          3

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          Most cited references39

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          A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research.

          Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is a widely used reliability index in test-retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses. This article introduces the basic concept of ICC in the content of reliability analysis.
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            Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States.

            The epidemiology of traumatic shoulder dislocations is poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to determine the incidence of shoulder dislocations presenting to hospital emergency departments in the United States and define demographic risk factors for these injuries. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a probability sample of all injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States, was queried for shoulder dislocations from 2002 through 2006. Patient and injury characteristics were analyzed. United States Census data were utilized to calculate incidence rates for the United States population and subgroups. Incidence rate ratios were then calculated with respect to age, sex, and race. A total of 8940 shoulder dislocations were identified, resulting in an overall incidence rate in the United States of 23.9 (95% confidence interval, 20.8 to 27.0) per 100,000 person-years. The male incidence rate was 34.90 (95% confidence interval, 30.08 to 39.73) per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence rate ratio of 2.64 (95% confidence interval, 2.39 to 2.88) relative to the female incidence rate. It was found that 71.8% of the dislocations were in males. Stratified by decade, the maximum incidence rate (47.8 [95% confidence interval, 41.0 to 54.5]) occurred in those between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine years; 46.8% of all dislocations were in patients between fifteen and twenty-nine years of age. There were no significant differences based on race. Dislocations most frequently resulted from a fall (58.8%) and occurred at home (47.7%) or at sites of sports or recreation (34.5%). Overall, 48.3% of injuries occurred during sports or recreation. The estimated incidence rate of shoulder dislocations in the United States is 23.9 per 100,000 person-years, which is approximately twice the previously reported value. A young age and male sex are risk factors for shoulder dislocation in the United States population.
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              Velocity specificity of resistance training.

              D. Sale, D Behm (1993)
              Velocity specificity of resistance training has demonstrated that the greatest strength gains occur at or near the training velocity. There is also evidence that the intent to make a high speed contraction may be the most crucial factor in velocity specificity. The mechanisms underlying the velocity-specific training effect may reside in both neural and muscular components. Muscular adaptations such as hypertrophy may inhibit high velocity strength adaptations due to changes in muscle architecture. However, some studies have reported velocity-specific contractile property adaptations suggesting changes in muscle kinetics. There is evidence to suggest velocity-specific electromyographic (EMG) adaptations with explosive jump training. Other researchers have hypothesised neural adaptations because of a lack of electrically evoked changes in relation to significant voluntary improvements. These neural adaptations may include the selective activation of motor units and/or muscles, especially with high velocity alternating contractions. Although the incidence of motor unit synchronisation increases with training, its contribution to velocity-specific strength gains is unclear. However, increased synchronisation may occur more frequently with the premovement silent period before ballistic contractions. The preprogrammed neural circuitry of ballistic contractions suggests that high velocity training adaptations may involve significant neural adaptations. The unique firing frequency associated with ballistic contractions would suggest possible adaptations in the frequency of motor unit discharge. Although co-contraction of antagonists increases with training and high velocity movement, its contribution is probably related more to joint protection than the velocity-specific training effect.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Sports Phys Ther
                Int J Sports Phys Ther
                2159
                International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
                NASMI
                2159-2896
                1 February 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 1
                : 188-198
                Affiliations
                [1 ] deptDepartment of Health Sciences; eduRocky Mountain University of Health Professions;
                [2 ] deptHuman Kinetics and Recreation; eduMemorial University of Newfoundland;
                Author notes

                Corresponding author: Dr. David G Behm School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C 5S7 Email: dbehm@mun.ca

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-6056
                Article
                65900
                10.26603/001c.65900
                9897004
                c3642c55-b0d3-4ba0-a0e4-f82d21f3119d

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (4.0) which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 April 2022
                : 10 October 2022
                Categories
                Original Research

                glenohumeral,instability,subluxation,upper quarter y-balance test,western ontario shoulder index

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