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      Phytohormones Trigger Drought Tolerance in Crop Plants: Outlook and Future Perspectives

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          Abstract

          In the past and present, human activities have been involved in triggering global warming, causing drought stresses that affect animals and plants. Plants are more defenseless against drought stress; and therefore, plant development and productive output are decreased. To decrease the effect of drought stress on plants, it is crucial to establish a plant feedback mechanism of resistance to drought. The drought reflex mechanisms include the physical stature physiology and biochemical, cellular, and molecular-based processes. Briefly, improving the root system, leaf structure, osmotic-balance, comparative water contents and stomatal adjustment are considered as most prominent features against drought resistance in crop plants. In addition, the signal transduction pathway and reactive clearance of oxygen are crucial mechanisms for coping with drought stress via calcium and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, brassinosteroids and peptide molecules. Furthermore, microorganisms, such as fungal and bacterial organisms, play a vital role in increasing resistance against drought stress in plants. The number of characteristic loci, transgenic methods and the application of exogenous substances [nitric oxide, (C 28H 48O 6) 24-epibrassinolide, proline, and glycine betaine] are also equally important for enhancing the drought resistance of plants. In a nutshell, the current review will mainly focus on the role of phytohormones and related mechanisms involved in drought tolerance in various crop plants.

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          Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options

          Abiotic stresses are one of the major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide. The situation has aggravated due to the drastic and rapid changes in global climate. Heat and drought are undoubtedly the two most important stresses having huge impact on growth and productivity of the crops. It is very important to understand the physiological, biochemical, and ecological interventions related to these stresses for better management. A wide range of plant responses to these stresses could be generalized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses. Interestingly, this review provides a detailed account of plant responses to heat and drought stresses with special focus on highlighting the commonalities and differences. Crop growth and yields are negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply and abnormal temperatures due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes. Both these stresses have multi-lateral impacts and therefore, complex in mechanistic action. A better understanding of plant responses to these stresses has pragmatic implication for remedies and management. A comprehensive account of conventional as well as modern approaches to deal with heat and drought stresses have also been presented here. A side-by-side critical discussion on salient responses and management strategies for these two important abiotic stresses provides a unique insight into the phenomena. A holistic approach taking into account the different management options to deal with heat and drought stress simultaneously could be a win-win approach in future.
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            Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses

            Background Being sessile organisms, plants are often exposed to a wide array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stress conditions include drought, heat, cold and salinity, whereas biotic stress arises mainly from bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and insects. To adapt to such adverse situations, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal growth response. Phytohormones play critical roles in helping the plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. The elaborate hormone signaling networks and their ability to crosstalk make them ideal candidates for mediating defense responses. Results Recent research findings have helped to clarify the elaborate signaling networks and the sophisticated crosstalk occurring among the different hormone signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the roles of the major plant hormones in regulating abiotic and biotic stress responses with special focus on the significance of crosstalk between different hormones in generating a sophisticated and efficient stress response. We divided the discussion into the roles of ABA, salicylic acid, jasmonates and ethylene separately at the start of the review. Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). These have been illustrated with examples drawn from selected abiotic and biotic stress responses. The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. Conclusions The intricate web of crosstalk among the often redundant multitudes of signaling intermediates is just beginning to be understood. Future research employing genome-scale systems biology approaches to solve problems of such magnitude will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of plant development. Therefore, discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms among various hormones in coordinating growth under stress will be an important theme in the field of abiotic stress research. Such efforts will help to reveal important points of genetic control that can be useful to engineer stress tolerant crops.
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              Abscisic Acid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

              Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress conditions, which ultimately affect the yield. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the magnitude of stress challenges, although that is not enough to protect them. Therefore, many strategies have been used to produce abiotic stress tolerance crop plants, among them, abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone engineering could be one of the methods of choice. ABA is an isoprenoid phytohormone, which regulates various physiological processes ranging from stomatal opening to protein storage and provides adaptation to many stresses like drought, salt, and cold stresses. ABA is also called an important messenger that acts as the signaling mediator for regulating the adaptive response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of ABA in response to abiotic stress at the molecular level and ABA signaling. The review also deals with the effect of ABA in respect to gene expression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                13 January 2022
                2021
                : 12
                : 799318
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Universidad De Talca , Talca, Chile
                [2] 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University , Yan’an, China
                [3] 3Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao, China
                [4] 4School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA, Australia
                [5] 5Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Pakistan
                [6] 6College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China
                [7] 7Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur, Pakistan
                [8] 8Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, NC, United States
                [9] 9Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
                [10] 10Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University , Haikou, China
                [11] 11Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur , Haripur, Pakistan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Shabir Hussain Wani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, India

                Reviewed by: Amjad Iqbal, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan; Veysel Turan, Bingöl University, Turkey

                *Correspondence: Xiukang Wang, wangxiukang@ 123456yau.edu.cn
                Gonzalo A. Díaz, g.diaz@ 123456utalca.cl

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Plant Biotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2021.799318
                8792739
                36756229
                c33574c4-5c4b-4fd3-b385-40782640ae68
                Copyright © 2022 Iqbal, Wang, Mubeen, Kamran, Kanwal, Díaz, Abbas, Parveen, Atiq, Alshaya, Zin El-Abedin and Fahad.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 October 2021
                : 27 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 119, Pages: 14, Words: 11049
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Review

                Plant science & Botany
                phytohormones,drought stress,microorganisms,tolerance mechanisms,genes
                Plant science & Botany
                phytohormones, drought stress, microorganisms, tolerance mechanisms, genes

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