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      Use of 0.25% chlorhexidine nanoemulsion as a skin antiseptic for cats Translated title: Avaliação do uso de nanoemulsão de clorexidina a 0,25% na antissepsia da pele de gatos

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the antiseptic effect of 0.25% chlorhexidine nanoemulsion (NM-Cl) on cat skin and compare its effect with that of 2.0% chlorhexidine digluconate (CS-Cl). NM-Cl was synthesized using the spontaneous emulsification method, and physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The antiseptic effects of NM-Cl and CS-Cl were randomly tested on the thoracic limbs of 10 healthy male cats. After a wide trichotomy of the thoracic limbs, NM-Cl was randomly applied to the trichotomy area of the right (n = 5) or left (n = 5) thoracic limbs. Then, a catheter was inserted aseptically in the cephalic vein. Subsequently, the same procedure was performed using CS-Cl on the contralateral limb. Cutaneous microbiota swab samples were obtained before antisepsis (Tpre); immediately after antisepsis (Tpost); and 4, 8, and 24 h after antisepsis. The collected samples were immediately inoculated on blood agar plates and incubated at 35 ºC ± 2 ºC in aerobiosis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were manually counted after 24 h of inoculation. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed between groups and within the same group at different sample times, respectively. The NM-Cl and CS-Cl groups showed a reduction in CFUs between Tpre and Tpost in all animals (P < 0.001). Both formulations presented an antiseptic effect 24 h of antisepsis (P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between formulations at different times (P < 0.05). With a lower concentration of chlorhexidine than CS-Cl, NM-Cl presents effective antiseptic action and prolonged residual effect in antisepsis for cat venipuncture.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antisséptico da nanoemulsão de clorexidina a 0,25% (NM-Cl) na pele de gatos e compará-lo com a solução comercial de clorexidina a 2,0% (CS-Cl). A NM-Cl foi desenvolvida através do método de emulsificação espontânea, com posterior análise e caracterização das propriedades físicas e químicas. O efeito antisséptico de NM-Cl e CS-Cl foi testado de forma randomizada nos membros torácicos de dez gatos machos saudáveis. Após ampla tricotomia dos membros torácicos, a antissepsia foi realizada com NM-Cl aplicada nos membros torácicos direito (n = 5) ou esquerdo (n = 5), e um cateter foi inserido assepticamente na veia cefálica. Posteriormente, o mesmo procedimento foi realizado com a CS-Cl no membro contralateral. Amostras da microbiota cutânea foram obtidas antes da antissepsia (Tpre), imediatamente após a antissepsia (Tpos) e quatro, oito e 24 horas após a antissepsia. As amostras coletadas foram imediatamente inoculadas em placas de ágar sangue e incubadas a 35 ºC ± 2 ºC em aerobiose. A contagem manual da unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) foi realizada 24 horas após a inoculação. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram usados entre os grupos e dentro do mesmo grupo em diferentes tempos amostrais. Os grupos NM-Cl e CS-Cl apresentaram redução nas UFC entre Tpre e Tpos em todos os animais (P < 0,001). Ambas as formulações apresentaram efeito antisséptico 24 horas após a antissepsia (P < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre as formulações nos diferentes tempos (P < 0,05). O NM-Cl (com menor concentração de clorexidina que o CS-Cl) apresenta ação antisséptica eficaz e efeito residual prolongado na antissepsia para a punção venosa em gatos.

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          The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future

          Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Nanotechnology may be particularly advantageous in treating bacterial infections. Examples include the utilization of NPs in antibacterial coatings for implantable devices and medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections. The antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are poorly understood, but the currently accepted mechanisms include oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and non-oxidative mechanisms. The multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against microbes would require multiple simultaneous gene mutations in the same bacterial cell for antibacterial resistance to develop; therefore, it is difficult for bacterial cells to become resistant to NPs. In this review, we discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the factors that are involved. The limitations of current research are also discussed.
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            Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.

            Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants. Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports.
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              Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                2024
                : 54
                : 11
                : e20230409
                Affiliations
                [1] Uruguaiana RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Brasil
                [2] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR) orgdiv2Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais Brazil
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-0169
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-2131
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5935-1003
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7194-0700
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-4478
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-6736
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-9716
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-9093
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-2034
                Article
                S0103-84782024001100603 S0103-8478(24)05401100603
                10.1590/0103-8478cr20230409
                c322865e-9d88-47e5-98be-e838aa9be5a2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 July 2023
                : 24 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Clinic And Surgery

                nanotechnology,antiseptic,punção venosa,nanoformulação,nanotecnologia,clorexidina,antisséptico,venipuncture,nanoformulation,chlorhexidine

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