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      A systematic review and meta-analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease

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          Abstract

          Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but controversies persist. Studies reporting concentrations of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers for patients with PD and controls were included and extracted. Pooled Hedges’g was adopted to illustrate comparisons, and covariates were used to explore sources of heterogeneity. Finally, 152 studies were included. Increased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, STNFR1, CRP, CCL2, CX3CL1, and CXCL12 levels and decreased INF-γ and IL-4 levels were noted in the PD group. In addition, increased CSF levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CRP and CCL2 were revealed in patients with PD compared to controls. Consequently, significantly altered levels of inflammatory markers were verified between PD group and control, suggesting that PD is accompanied by inflammatory responses in both the peripheral blood and CSF. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022349182.

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          Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks.

          Paul Shannon, Andrew Markiel, Owen Ozier … (2003)
          Cytoscape is an open source software project for integrating biomolecular interaction networks with high-throughput expression data and other molecular states into a unified conceptual framework. Although applicable to any system of molecular components and interactions, Cytoscape is most powerful when used in conjunction with large databases of protein-protein, protein-DNA, and genetic interactions that are increasingly available for humans and model organisms. Cytoscape's software Core provides basic functionality to layout and query the network; to visually integrate the network with expression profiles, phenotypes, and other molecular states; and to link the network to databases of functional annotations. The Core is extensible through a straightforward plug-in architecture, allowing rapid development of additional computational analyses and features. Several case studies of Cytoscape plug-ins are surveyed, including a search for interaction pathways correlating with changes in gene expression, a study of protein complexes involved in cellular recovery to DNA damage, inference of a combined physical/functional interaction network for Halobacterium, and an interface to detailed stochastic/kinetic gene regulatory models.
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            The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration

            Alessandro Liberati, Douglas G. Altman, Jennifer Tetzlaff … (2010)
            Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarise evidence relating to efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, are not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analysis) statement—a reporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realising these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this explanation and elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA statement, this document, and the associated website (www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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              Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range

              Dehui Luo, Tiejun Tong, Jiming Liu … (2016)
              The era of big data is coming, and evidence-based medicine is attracting increasing attention to improve decision making in medical practice via integrating evidence from well designed and conducted clinical research. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique widely used in evidence-based medicine for analytically combining the findings from independent clinical trials to provide an overall estimation of a treatment effectiveness. The sample mean and standard deviation are two commonly used statistics in meta-analysis but some trials use the median, the minimum and maximum values, or sometimes the first and third quartiles to report the results. Thus, to pool results in a consistent format, researchers need to transform those information back to the sample mean and standard deviation. In this article, we investigate the optimal estimation of the sample mean for meta-analysis from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. A major drawback in the literature is that the sample size, needless to say its importance, is either ignored or used in a stepwise but somewhat arbitrary manner, e.g. the famous method proposed by Hozo et al. We solve this issue by incorporating the sample size in a smoothly changing weight in the estimators to reach the optimal estimation. Our proposed estimators not only improve the existing ones significantly but also share the same virtue of the simplicity. The real data application indicates that our proposed estimators are capable to serve as "rules of thumb" and will be widely applied in evidence-based medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jingyi Li: 599049205@qq.com
                Zheng Xue:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8204-9945
                xuezheng@hust.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): NPJ Parkinsons Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): NPJ Parkinsons Dis
                Title: NPJ Parkinson's Disease
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2373-8057
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 18
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8204-9945
                Article
                Publisher ID: 449
                DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00449-5
                PMC ID: 9899271
                PubMed ID: 36739284
                SO-VID: c27ab7bf-423d-4621-84a8-b4117a37b297
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 3 September 2022
                Date accepted : 5 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YCJJ202201020)
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (grant number 2020CFB590)
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                Keywords: parkinson's disease,diagnostic markers
                Data availability:
                Keywords: parkinson's disease, diagnostic markers

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