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      Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics

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          Abstract

          Saliva is increasingly recognised as an attractive diagnostic fluid. The presence of various disease signalling salivary biomarkers that accurately reflect normal and disease states in humans and the sampling benefits compared to blood sampling are some of the reasons for this recognition. This explains the burgeoning research field in assay developments and technological advancements for the detection of various salivary biomarkers to improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment. This paper reviews the significance of salivary biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications, with focus on the technologies and biosensing platforms that have been reported for screening these biomarkers.

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          Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.

          Leland Clark, Champ Lyons (1962)
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            Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol.

            Clement K M Ho, R Vining, J Maksvytis … (1983)
            Salivary cortisol concentration was found to be directly proportional to the serum unbound cortisol concentration both in normal men and women and in women with elevated cortisol-binding globulin (CBG). The correlation was excellent in dynamic tests of adrenal function (dexamethasone suppression, ACTH stimulation), in normals and patients with adrenal insufficiency, in tests of circadian variation and randomly collected samples. Women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy exhibited elevated salivary cortisol throughout the day. The relationship between salivary and serum total cortisol concentration was markedly non-linear with a more rapid increase in salivary concentration once the serum CBG was saturated. The rate of equilibrium of cortisol between blood and saliva was very fast, being much less than 5 minutes. These data, combined with a simple, stress-free, non-invasive collection procedure, lead us to suggest that salivary cortisol is a more appropriate measure for the clinical assessment of adrenocortical function than is serum cortisol.
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              Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites.

              Jayoung Kim, Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez, Amay J Bandodkar … (2014)
              The present work describes the first example of a wearable salivary metabolite biosensor based on the integration of a printable enzymatic electrode on a mouthguard. The new mouthguard enzymatic biosensor, based on an immobilized lactate oxidase and a low potential detection of the peroxide product, exhibits high sensitivity, selectivity and stability using whole human saliva samples. Such non-invasive mouthguard metabolite biosensors could tender useful real-time information regarding a wearer's health, performance and stress level, and thus hold considerable promise for diverse biomedical and fitness applications.
              Article 0 comments Cited 114 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 September 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 962903
                Affiliations
                1Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Building VO1, Block A, Level 5, Room 27, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
                2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (FKM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
                Author notes
                *Emma P. Córcoles: emmacorcoles@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: Michael Kalafatis

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-0353
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/962903
                PMC ID: 4172994
                PubMed ID: 25276835
                SO-VID: c26d12f3-9357-46a0-a5b7-b2a2b29b6b48
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Radha S. P. Malon et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 February 2014
                Date revision received : 16 July 2014
                Date accepted : 11 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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