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      The role of the cupola in the static and dynamic functioning of a lateral line stitch: natures non-linear application of Hooke’s law

      research-article
      Author(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Communicative & Integrative Biology
      Publisher: Taylor & Francis
      Keywords: Lateral line, stitch, hair cell, Hooks law

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          ABSTRACT

          The cupola of a lateral line stitch, once thought to simply be a large surface on which to collect vibrations, is now seen to be key for setting up a non-linear embodiment of Hooke’s law. By coupling, through the cupola, oppositely polarized hair cells in a primitive bilateral symmetry, a non-linear response dependence on input magnitude emerges. This non-linear response, which makes the transduction sensitivity a function of the mechanical input signal’s magnitude, engenders a new understanding of the vast, dynamic range of hair cells.

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          A STUDY OF THE ORIENTATION OF THE SENSORY HAIRS OF THE RECEPTOR CELLS IN THE LATERAL LINE ORGAN OF FISH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FUNCTION OF THE RECEPTORS

          Åke Flock, Jan Wersäll (1962)
          The morphology of the hair bundles on top of the receptor cells in the lateral line organ of the teleost fish Lota vulgaris is described. Each receptor cell shows a distinct morphological polarization. Two groups of receptor cells can be distingiushed, one consisting of cells polarized towards the head, the other consisting of cells polarized towards the tail. In the crista ampullaris all cells are polarized in the same direction. An hypothesis is proposed for the function of the receptor cells in the lateral line organ and the labyrinth based on a correlation of morphological and functional polarization.
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            The responses of cochlear hair cells to tonic displacements of the sensory hair bundle.

            I.J. Russell, G.P. Richardson, M Kössl (1989)
            Hair bundle displacements and receptor potentials were recorded from outer hair cells (OHCs) in organotypic cultures of the mouse cochlea during force steps applied to the bundles with a silica probe of known stiffness. The receptor potentials of some OHCs adapt for excitatory displacements and the time constants of receptor potential adaptation and hair bundle force relaxation for excitatory displacements are very similar. Thus in these OHCs, the receptor potentials correspond to the applied force for excitatory displacements. For inhibitory displacements, the receptor potentials correspond to hair bundle displacement. Some OHC receptor potentials are nonadapting and follow displacement in both the excitatory and inhibitory directions. The hair bundles of nonadapting OHCs are less stiff than those of adapting OHCs and nonadapting OHCs are an order of magnitude less sensitive to hair bundle displacement than adapting OHCs. In response to a combination of excitatory, tonic, hair bundle displacement and current injection, the receptor potentials of nonadapting OHCs decline as the membrane potential is made more positive and reverse near 0 mV. When the receptor potentials of adapting OHCs measured during current injection are compensated for constant input resistance and driving voltage across the transducer conductance, the receptor potential amplitude at the offset of the step displacement is independent of the level and polarity of the injected current. Before adaptation, at the onset of the step displacement of the hair bundle, the amplitude of the receptor potential increases as the injected current becomes more positive. For adapting OHCs, the receptor potential amplitude is a linear function of excitatory bundle displacement for amplitudes less than 50 nm. With negative, but not positive, current injection the receptor potentials at the onset of the displacement tend to saturate and the slope of the function decreases. This voltage dependent control of OHC transducer operating range is proposed to have a role in regulating the sensitivity of the cochlea.
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              Passive and active deflections of ampullary kinocilia correlated with changes in transepithelial voltage.

              A. Rusch, U Thurm (1986)
              Deflections of individual ampullary kinocilia were optically recorded in the undissected vestibular system of young eels. At mechanical stimulation, transepithelial receptor potentials and nerve activity were recorded. Saturating responses occurred at ciliary deflections of +6 degrees and -3 degrees. Kinocilia occasionally oscillate spontaneously in a snaking or pointer-like mode as the preparation deteriorates. In nearly all kinocilia of fresh preparations exogenous transepithelial voltage change induces active pointer-like deflection in a graded and tonic manner. A voltage change of a given sign induces a deflection that counteracts mechanical stimuli producing a voltage change of the same sign.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Commun Integr Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Commun Integr Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KCIB
                Journal ID (publisher-id): kcib20
                Title: Communicative & Integrative Biology
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Electronic): 1942-0889
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 November 2018
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 5-6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1542256
                Affiliations
                Independent Scholar , NY, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Michelangelo Rossetto marossetto@ 123456yahoo.com Independent Scholar , 125 w 86 st, NY,NY 10024, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1542256
                DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1542256
                PMC ID: 6300089
                SO-VID: c1d8d7ac-e2b7-4941-826a-8ec6318e6c9e
                Copyright © © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 July 2018
                Date accepted : 24 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 5, References: 4, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: lateral line,stitch,hair cell,hooks law
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: lateral line, stitch, hair cell, hooks law

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