Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has spread
rapidly worldwide.
1
In Spain, it became predominant as of December 2021. Greater transmissibility and
less severity have been described in the general population.
2
However, no data have been reported on kidney transplant (KT) patients during the
Omicron-predominant period. In addition, KT recipients have received a third dose
of the mRNA vaccine after its approval in Spain in September 2021.
We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study to analyze coronavirus disease-19
outcomes among our KT population throughout 2 successive epidemic waves in a period
with changes in the viral variants and in the vaccination schedule: Spanish fifth
wave (June–November 2021; Delta predominance, n = 27) and sixth wave (December 2021–February
2022; Omicron predominance, n = 117).
The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our cohort of KT patients was 4.3-fold higher
during the last sixth wave (Table 1). The percentage of vaccination was very high
and similar in both periods, but as expected, more patients had received a third dose
in the last wave (11.5% versus 93.8%; P < 0.001). Fortunately, clinical picture has
changed with less presence of fever and prevailing upper respiratory tract symptoms.
There is a trend to a lower pneumonia and hospitalization incidence but without statistical
differences. Additionally, critical patients, defined by intensive care unit admissions
(22.2% versus 2.6%; P < 0.001), need for ventilatory support (18.5% versus 2.6%; P
= 0.001), and mortality (29.6% versus 4.2%; P < 0.001) have significantly reduced.
Recipient age, fever, and infection during the fifth wave were risk factors for death.
TABLE 1.
Characteristics of all kidney transplant patients included in the study
June–November 2021
December 2021–February 2022
P
KT infected/KT population, n (%)
27/952 (2.8)
117/961 (12.1)
<0.001
Males, n (%)
17 (63)
73 (62.4)
0.95
Recipient age, median [IQR], y
57 [47–65]
58 [47–67]
0.56
Time post-KT to COVID-19, median [IQR], mo
88 [44–123]
83 [30–184]
0.95
Vaccination, n (%)
26 (96.3)
112 (96.6)
0.94
Two doses of vaccine, n (%)
23 (88.5)
7 (6.2)
<0.001
Three doses of vaccine, n (%)
3 (11.5)
105 (93.8)
<0.001
Type of third dose of vaccine
mRNA-1273 Moderna, n (%)
3 (100)
74 (70.5)
0.15
BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech, n (%)
0
30 (29.4)
0.15
Immunosuppressive therapy at COVID-19 diagnosis
Prednisone, n (%)
25 (92.6)
110 (94)
0.78
Tacrolimus, n (%)
25 (92.6)
108 (92.3)
0.96
Mycophenolate, n (%)
22 (81.5)
95 (81.2)
0.97
mTOR inhibitors, n (%)
4 (14.8)
12 (10.3)
0.49
Cyclosporine, n (%)
1 (3.7)
7 (6)
0.64
Immunosuppressive therapy within 2 y pre-COVID-19 diagnosis
Thymoglobulin, n (%)
4 (14.8)
11 (9.4)
0.41
Basiliximab, n (%)
1 (3.7)
6 (5.2)
0.75
Rituximab, n (%)
0
1 (0.7)
0.62
Clinical features
Asymptomatic, n (%)
3 (11.1)
26 (22.2)
0.19
Fever, n (%)
15 (55.6)
43 (36.8)
0.07
Upper respiratory tract symptoms, n (%)
16 (59.3)
85 (72.6)
0.17
Gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%)
8 (29.6)
8 (6.8)
0.001
Pneumonia, n (%)
8 (29.6)
19 (16.2)
0.11
COVID-19 management
Hospitalized, n (%)
10 (37)
25 (21.4)
0.08
Ventilator support, n (%)
5 (18.5)
3 (2.6)
0.001
ICU admission, n (%)
6 (22.2)
3 (2.6)
<0.001
ICU admissions in hospitalized patients, n (%)
6 (60)
3 (12)
0.02
COVID-19 outcomes
Dead, n (%)
8 (29.6)
4 (3.3)
<0.001
Dead in hospitalized patients, n (%)
6 (60)
4 (16)
0.01
Multiple logistic regression analysis for COVID-19-related death
OR (95% CI)
P
Males
0.77 (0.16-3.69)
0.747
Recipient age
1.13 (1.03-1.24)
0.008
Time from KT to COVID-19
0.99 (0.99-1.01)
0.783
Fever
14.39 (2.22-93.20)
0.005
Fifth wave
12.97 (2.33-72.12)
0.003
Comparison between those infected in June to November 2021 and December 2021 to February
2022.
CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit;
IQR, interquartile range; KT, kidney transplantation; mRNA, messenger RNA; mTOR, mammalian
target of rapamycin; OR, odds ratio.
SAR-CoV-2 Omicron variant presents 15 mutations in the spike protein, conferring greater
affinity toward the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which could explain
the increased transmission rate observed.
1
In addition, vaccines are less effective, although a milder clinical picture is described
in fully vaccinated people.
1
We also observed that infection rate is high and severity is lower in KT recipients
compared with previous periods.
3,4
However, mortality is much higher than in the general population (mortality rate in
Spain: 0.9%).
2
As previously reported, a significant number of KT patients do not develop a humoral
immune response after vaccination, even receiving a third dose, which could explain
these results.
5
Our study has some limitations. Despite most cases have been reported, some outpatients
might not have informed to their transplant centers, and the number of cases could
have been underestimated in both periods. Furthermore, there is some overlap between
the 2 variants, because in the last period some patients certainly would have caught
delta. On the other hand, although peak incidence has already been reached, the epidemic
wave is not over yet. These data should be taken as a trend at this time of higher
rate of infections.
In conclusion, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in KT has increased, coinciding
with the appearance of the Omicron variant. Although widespread vaccination with third
dose has probably been able to reduce the consequences associated with this contagious
new variant, the severity and mortality are still higher than in the general population,
highlighting the need for new therapeutic and preventive strategies.