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      Defenses Against ROS in Crops and Weeds: The Effects of Interference and Herbicides

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          Abstract

          The antioxidant defense system acts to maintain the equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the elimination of toxic levels of ROS in plants. Overproduction and accumulation of ROS results in metabolic disorders and can lead to the oxidative destruction of the cell. Several stress factors cause ROS overproduction and trigger oxidative stress in crops and weeds. Recently, the involvement of the antioxidant system in weed interference and herbicide treatment in crops and weeds has been the subject of investigation. In this review, we address ROS production and plant mechanisms of defense, alterations in the antioxidant system at transcriptional and enzymatic levels in crops induced by weed interference, and herbicide exposure in crops and weeds. We also describe the mechanisms of action in herbicides that lead to ROS generation in target plants. Lastly, we discuss the relations between antioxidant systems and weed biology and evolution, as well as the interactive effects of herbicide treatment on these factors.

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          Deciphering the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.

          Valérie Le Morvan, Marie Jasieniuk, Christophe Délye (2013)
          Resistance to herbicides in arable weeds is increasing rapidly worldwide and threatening global food security. Resistance has now been reported to all major herbicide modes of action despite the development of resistance management strategies in the 1990s. We review here recent advances in understanding the genetic bases and evolutionary drivers of herbicide resistance that highlight the complex nature of selection for this adaptive trait. Whereas early studied cases of resistance were highly herbicide-specific and largely under monogenic control, cases of greatest concern today generally involve resistance to multiple modes of action, are under polygenic control, and are derived from pre-existing stress response pathways. Although 'omics' approaches should enable unraveling the genetic bases of complex resistances, the appearance, selection, and spread of herbicide resistance in weed populations can only be fully elucidated by focusing on evolutionary dynamics and implementing integrative modeling efforts. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses

            Weronika Czarnocka, Stanisław Karpiński (2018)
            In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production and scavenging of ROS is compartmentalized, which means that, depending on stimuli type, they can be generated and eliminated in different cellular compartments such as the apoplast, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Although the accumulation of ROS is generally harmful to cells, ROS play an important role in signaling pathways that regulate acclimatory and defense responses in plants, such as systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, high accumulations of ROS can also trigger redox homeostasis disturbance which can lead to cell death, and in consequence, to a limitation in biomass and yield production. Different ROS have various half-lifetimes and degrees of reactivity toward molecular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Thus, they play different roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. Despite their possible damaging effect, ROS should mainly be considered as signaling molecules that regulate local and systemic acclimatory and defense responses. Over the past two decades it has been proven that ROS together with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), hormones, Ca2+ waves, and electrical signals are the main players in SAA and SAR, two physiological processes essential for plant survival and productivity in unfavorable conditions.
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              Unravelling the genetic bases of non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) to herbicides: a major challenge for weed science in the forthcoming decade.

              Christophe Délye (2013)
              Non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) can confer unpredictable cross-resistance to herbicides. However, the genetic determinants of NTSR remain poorly known. The current, urgent challenge for weed scientists is thus to elucidate the bases of NTSR so that detection tools are developed, the evolution of NTSR is understood, the efficacy of the shrinking herbicide portfolio is maintained and integrated weed management strategies, including fully effective herbicide applications, are designed and implemented. In this paper, the importance of NTSR in resistance to herbicides is underlined. The most likely way in which NTSR evolves-by accumulation of different mechanisms within individual plants-is described. The NTSR mechanisms, which can interfere with herbicide penetration, translocation and accumulation at the target site, and/or protect the plant against the consequences of herbicide action, are then reviewed. NTSR is a part of the plant stress response. As such, NTSR is a dynamic process unrolling over time that involves 'protectors' directly interfering with herbicide action, and also regulators controlling 'protector' expression. NTSR is thus a quantitative trait. On this basis, a three-step procedure is proposed, based on the use of the 'omics' (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics or metabolomics), to unravel the genetic bases of NTSR. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: March 2019
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1086
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; acaverzan@ 123456hotmail.com (A.C.); geraldochavarria@ 123456upf.br (G.C.)
                [2 ]Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, Brazil
                [3 ]Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA; nealstewart@ 123456utk.edu
                [4 ]Department of Weed Science, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Passo Fundo 99050-970, Brazil; leandro.vargas@ 123456embrapa.br
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: c_piasecki@ 123456hotmail.com
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-144X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-6863
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-20-01086
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051086
                PMC ID: 6429093
                PubMed ID: 30832379
                SO-VID: c0b6ac85-0378-42dd-badb-6d7aca756f0c
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 03 February 2019
                Date accepted : 25 February 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: reactive oxygen species (ros),oxidative stress,herbicide treatment,herbicide resistance,weed evolution
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: reactive oxygen species (ros), oxidative stress, herbicide treatment, herbicide resistance, weed evolution

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