The fusion protein VEGF 121/rGel composed of the growth factor VEGF 121 and the plant toxin gelonin targets the tumor neovasculature and exerts impressive anti-vascular effects. We have previously shown that VEGF 121/rGel is cytotoxic to endothelial cells overexpressing VEGFR-2 but not to endothelial cells overexpressing VEGFR-1. In this study, we examined the basis for the specific toxicity of this construct and assessed its intracellular effects in vitro and in vivo.
We investigated the binding, cytotoxicity and internalization profile of VEGF 121/rGel on endothelial cells expressing VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2, identified its effects on angiogenesis models in vitro and ex vivo, and explored its intracellular effects on a number of molecular pathways using microarray analysis.
Incubation of PAE/VEGFR-2 and PAE/VEGFR-1 cells with 125I-VEGF 121/rGel demonstrated binding specificity that was competed with unlabeled VEGF 121/rGel but not with unlabeled gelonin. Assessment of the effect of VEGF 121/rGel on blocking tube formation in vitro revealed a 100-fold difference in IC 50 levels between PAE/VEGFR-2 (1 nM) and PAE/VEGFR-1 (100 nM) cells. VEGF 121/rGel entered PAE/VEGFR-2 cells within one hour of treatment but was not detected in PAE/VEGFR-1 cells up to 24 hours after treatment. In vascularization studies using chicken chorioallantoic membranes, 1 nM VEGF 121/rGel completely inhibited bFGF-stimulated neovascular growth. The cytotoxic effects of VEGF 121/rGel were not apoptotic since treated cells were TUNEL-negative with no evidence of PARP cleavage or alteration in the protein levels of select apoptotic markers. Microarray analysis of VEGF 121/rGel-treated HUVECs revealed the upregulation of a unique "fingerprint" profile of 22 genes that control cell adhesion, apoptosis, transcription regulation, chemotaxis, and inflammatory response.