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      Observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino with KM3NeT

      research-article
      The KM3NeT Collaboration 1
      Nature
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Particle astrophysics, High-energy astrophysics

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          Abstract

          The detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above a teraelectronvolt (TeV) offers a unique exploration into astrophysical phenomena 13 . Electrically neutral and interacting only by means of the weak interaction, neutrinos are not deflected by magnetic fields and are rarely absorbed by interstellar matter: their direction indicates that their cosmic origin might be from the farthest reaches of the Universe. High-energy neutrinos can be produced when ultra-relativistic cosmic-ray protons or nuclei interact with other matter or photons, and their observation could be a signature of these processes. Here we report an exceptionally high-energy event observed by KM3NeT, the deep-sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea 4 , which we associate with a cosmic neutrino detection. We detect a muon with an estimated energy of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}

          \begin{document}$$12{0}_{-60}^{+110}$$\end{document}
          petaelectronvolts (PeV). In light of its enormous energy and near-horizontal direction, the muon most probably originated from the interaction of a neutrino of even higher energy in the vicinity of the detector. The cosmic neutrino energy spectrum measured up to now 57 falls steeply with energy. However, the energy of this event is much larger than that of any neutrino detected so far. This suggests that the neutrino may have originated in a different cosmic accelerator than the lower-energy neutrinos, or this may be the first detection of a cosmogenic neutrino 8 , resulting from the interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with background photons in the Universe.

          Abstract

          A very high-energy muon observed by the KM3NeT experiment in the Mediterranean Sea is evidence for the interaction of an exceptionally high-energy neutrino of cosmic origin.  

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          Geant4—a simulation toolkit

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            HEALPix: A Framework for High‐Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere

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              Review of Particle Physics

              The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                km3net-pc@km3net.de
                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                12 February 2025
                12 February 2025
                2025
                : 638
                : 8050
                : 376-382
                Affiliations
                [1 ]INFN, Sezione di Catania (INFN-CT), ( https://ror.org/02pq29p90) Catania, Italy
                [2 ]Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, ( https://ror.org/00pg6eq24) Strasbourg, France
                [3 ]Université de Haute Alsace, ( https://ror.org/04k8k6n84) Mulhouse, France
                [4 ]Department of Physics, Khalifa University, ( https://ror.org/05hffr360) Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
                [5 ]Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, ( https://ror.org/035xkbk20) Marseille, France
                [6 ]IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), ( https://ror.org/043nxc105) Paterna, Spain
                [7 ]INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, ( https://ror.org/05290cv24) Napoli, Italy
                [8 ]Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, ( https://ror.org/05290cv24) Napoli, Italy
                [9 ]INFN, Sezione di Roma, ( https://ror.org/05eva6s33) Roma, Italy
                [10 ]Laboratori d’Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ( https://ror.org/03mb6wj31) Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain
                [11 ]INFN, Sezione di Genova, ( https://ror.org/02v89pq06) Genova, Italy
                [12 ]Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Nantes Université, ( https://ror.org/01kxesq83) Nantes, France
                [13 ]Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, ( https://ror.org/01460j859) Gandia, Spain
                [14 ]Department of Physics, Harvard University, ( https://ror.org/03vek6s52) Cambridge, MA USA
                [15 ]Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lyman Laboratory, Harvard University, ( https://ror.org/03vek6s52) Cambridge, MA USA
                [16 ]Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, ( https://ror.org/00r8w8f84) Rabat, Morocco
                [17 ]Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ( https://ror.org/05f82e368) Paris, France
                [18 ]Università di Genova, ( https://ror.org/0107c5v14) Genova, Italy
                [19 ]LPC CAEN, Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, ( https://ror.org/01k40cz91) Caen, France
                [20 ]Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, ( https://ror.org/03kqpb082) Prague, Czech Republic
                [21 ]Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, ( https://ror.org/0587ef340) Bratislava, Slovak Republic
                [22 ]INFN, Sezione di Bologna, ( https://ror.org/04j0x0h93) Bologna, Italy
                [23 ]Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, ( https://ror.org/01111rn36) Bologna, Italy
                [24 ]Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, ( https://ror.org/02kqnpp86) Caserta, Italy
                [25 ]E. A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, University of Hull, ( https://ror.org/04nkhwh30) Hull, United Kingdom
                [26 ]Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, ( https://ror.org/00f9tz983) Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [27 ]INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), ( https://ror.org/02k1zhm92) Catania, Italy
                [28 ]Centre for Space Research, North-West University, ( https://ror.org/010f1sq29) Potchefstroom, South Africa
                [29 ]Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique des Rayonnements, Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, ( https://ror.org/03sf55932) Annaba, Algeria
                [30 ]Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, ( https://ror.org/01ejxf797) Oujda, Morocco
                [31 ]Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, ( https://ror.org/015kcdd40) Fisciano, Italy
                [32 ]Institute of Space Science (ISS), ( https://ror.org/054a6wv56) Măgurele, Romania
                [33 ]Institute of Physics/IHEF, University of Amsterdam, ( https://ror.org/04dkp9463) Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [34 ]Technical Sciences, TNO, ( https://ror.org/01bnjb948) Delft, The Netherlands
                [35 ]Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), ( https://ror.org/01js2sh04) Zeuthen, Germany
                [36 ]Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Lehrstuhl für Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, ( https://ror.org/00fbnyb24) Würzburg, Germany
                [37 ]Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, ( https://ror.org/02be6w209) Roma, Italy
                [38 ]Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e dell’Informazione “Guglielmo Marconi”, Università di Bologna, ( https://ror.org/01111rn36) Cesena, Italy
                [39 ]Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, ( https://ror.org/04xf6nm78) Marrakech, Morocco
                [40 ]School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, ( https://ror.org/03rp50x72) Johannesburg, South Africa
                [41 ]Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania (INFN-CT), ( https://ror.org/03a64bh57) Catania, Italy
                [42 ]INFN, Sezione di Bari, ( https://ror.org/022hq6c49) Bari, Italy
                [43 ]Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, UCLouvain, ( https://ror.org/02495e989) Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
                [44 ]Department of Computer Engineering, Automation, and Robotics, CITIC, University of Granada, ( https://ror.org/04njjy449) Granada, Spain
                [45 ]Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), ( https://ror.org/00f7hpc57) Erlangen, Germany
                [46 ]Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos, ( https://ror.org/038jp4m40) Athens, Greece
                [47 ]School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, ( https://ror.org/03t52dk35) Penrith, New South Wales Australia
                [48 ]Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, University of Granada, ( https://ror.org/04njjy449) Granada, Spain
                [49 ]Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ Texel), ( https://ror.org/01gntjh03) Den Burg, The Netherlands
                [50 ]Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, ( https://ror.org/027bh9e22) Leiden, The Netherlands
                [51 ]AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/01dr6c206) Warsaw, Poland
                [52 ]Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, AGH University of Krakow, ( https://ror.org/00bas1c41) Krakow, Poland
                [53 ]Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, ( https://ror.org/05fd1hd85) Tbilisi, Georgia
                [54 ]Institute of Physics, University of Georgia, ( https://ror.org/00te3t702) Tbilisi, Georgia
                [55 ]Institut Universitaire de France, ( https://ror.org/055khg266) Paris, France
                [56 ]Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, ( https://ror.org/04jvemc39) Bonn, Germany
                [57 ]Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University, ( https://ror.org/03vek6s52) Cambridge, MA USA
                [58 ]Department Physics, University of Johannesburg, ( https://ror.org/04z6c2n17) Auckland Park, South Africa
                [59 ]Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, ( https://ror.org/03xc55g68) Ben Guerir, Morocco
                [60 ]National Centre for Nuclear Research, ( https://ror.org/00nzsxq20) Warsaw, Poland
                [61 ]Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, ( https://ror.org/00nrbzg90) Montpellier, France
                Article
                8543
                10.1038/s41586-024-08543-1
                11821517
                39939793
                c03dbd93-cc6e-4c76-a922-a967c5590309
                © The Author(s) 2025

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 August 2024
                : 18 December 2024
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                © Springer Nature Limited 2025

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                particle astrophysics,high-energy astrophysics
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