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      Subjective method for tracheal tube cuff inflation: performance of anesthesiology residents and staff anesthesiologists. Prospective observational study Translated title: Insuflação de balonete de tubo traqueal por método subjetivo: desempenho de médicos residentes e especialistas em anestesiologia. Estudo prospectivo observacional

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          Abstract

          Background and objectives

          Poor monitoring of tracheal tube cuff pressure may result in patient complications. The objective method of using a manometer is recommended to keep safe cuff pressure values (20‒30 cm H 2O). However, as manometers are not readily available, anesthesiologists use subjective methods. We aimed to assess appropriateness of a subjective method for attaining cuff pressure and the expertise level of manometer handling among anesthesiology staff and residents in a university teaching hospital.

          Methods

          Prospective observational study, recruiting participants that performed tracheal intubation and the subjective method for tube cuff inflation. Patients with difficult airway, larynx and trachea anatomic abnormality and emergency procedures were not included. Up to 60 minutes after tracheal intubation, an investigator registered the cuff pressure using an aneroid manometer (AMBU®) connected to the tube pilot balloon.

          Results

          Forty-seven anesthesiologists were included in the study – 24 residents and 23 staff. Mean (SD) and medians (IQR) measured in cmH 2O were, respectively, 52.5 (27.1) and 50 (30‒70). We registered 83% of measurements outside the recommended pressure range, with no difference between specialists and residents. The level of expertise with the objective method was also similar in both groups. Pressure adjustments were performed in 76.6% of cases.

          Conclusion

          The subjective method for inflating the tracheal tube cuff resulted in a high rate of inadequate cuff pressures, with no difference in performance between anesthesiology specialists and residents.

          Resumo

          Justificativa e objetivos

          O controle inadequado da pressão dos balonetes dos tubos traqueais pode resultar em complicações. A técnica objetiva com uso de manômetro é a recomendada para manutenção de valores seguros de pressão (20‒30 cm H 2O). Mas como este instrumento é pouco disponível, os anestesiologistas recorrem a técnicas subjetivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adequação da técnica subjetiva para obtenção das pressões dos balonetes e o nível de experiência com uso do manômetro entre médicos especialistas e residentes de anestesiologia de um Hospital Universitário.

          Método

          Estudo observacional prospectivo, com participantes que realizaram intubação traqueal e técnica subjetiva para insuflação dos balonetes. Pacientes com via aérea difícil, anormalidades anatômicas de laringe e traqueia, risco de broncoaspiração e os casos de emergência não foram incluídos. Até 60 minutos após a intubação, um investigador registrava a pressão do balonete utilizando um manômetro aneroide (AMBU®) conectado ao balonete guia do tubo.

          Resultados

          Quarenta e sete anestesiologistas foram incluídos no estudo – 24 residentes e 23 especialistas. As pressões (cm H 2O) média (DP) e mediana (IQR) encontradas foram respectivamente; 52,5 (27,1) e 50 (30‒70). Da amostra, 83% estavam fora da faixa adequada de pressão, sem diferença entre especialistas e residentes. O nível de experiência com a técnica objetiva também foi semelhante entre os grupos. Correção da pressão foi realizada em 76,6% dos casos.

          Conclusões

          A técnica subjetiva para insuflar os balonetes dos tubos traqueais resultou em alta prevalência de pressões inadequadas, sem diferença no desempenho entre especialistas e residentes.

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          Most cited references28

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          Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis.

          The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of liability associated with malpractice claims arising from management of the difficult airway. Using the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database, the authors examined 179 claims for difficult airway management between 1985 and 1999 where a supplemental data collection tool was used and focused on airway management, outcomes, and the role of the 1993 Difficult Airway Guidelines in litigation. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis compared risk factors for death or brain damage (death/BD) from two time periods: 1985-1992 and 1993-1999. Difficult airway claims arose throughout the perioperative period: 67% upon induction, 15% during surgery, 12% at extubation, and 5% during recovery. Death/BD with induction of anesthesia decreased in 1993-1999 (35%) compared with 1985-1992 (62%; P < 0.05; odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.63; P = 0.003). In contrast, death/BD associated with other phases of anesthesia did not significantly change over the time periods. The odds of death/BD were increased by the development of an airway emergency (odds ratio, 14.98; 95% confidence interval, 6.37-35.27; P < 0.001). During airway emergencies, persistent intubation attempts were associated with death/BD (P < 0.05). Since 1993, the Airway Guidelines were used to defend care (8%) and criticize care (3%). Death/BD in claims from difficult airway management associated with induction of anesthesia but not other phases of anesthesia decreased in 1993-1999 compared with 1985-1992. Development of additional management strategies for difficult airways encountered during maintenance, emergence, or recovery from anesthesia may improve patient safety.
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            Endotracheal cuff pressure and tracheal mucosal blood flow: endoscopic study of effects of four large volume cuffs.

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              Correlations between controlled endotracheal tube cuff pressure and postprocedural complications: a multicenter study.

              Postoperative respiratory complications related to endotracheal intubation usually present as cough, sore throat, hoarseness, and blood-streaked expectorant. In this study, we investigated the short-term (hours) impact of measuring and controlling endotracheal tube cuff (ETTc) pressure on postprocedural complications. Five hundred nine patients from 4 tertiary care university hospitals in Shanghai, China scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were assigned to a control group without measuring ETTc pressure, and a study group with ETTc pressure measured and adjusted. The duration of the procedure and duration of endotracheal intubation were recorded. Twenty patients whose duration of endotracheal intubation was between 120 and 180 minutes were selected from each group and examined by fiberoptic bronchoscopy immediately after removing the endotracheal tube. Endotracheal intubation-related complications including cough, sore throat, hoarseness, and blood-streaked expectorant were recorded at 24 hours postextubation. There was no significant difference in sex, age, height, weight, procedure duration, and duration of endotracheal intubation between the 2 groups. The mean ETTc pressure measured after estimation by palpation of the pilot balloon of the study group was 43 ± 23.3 mm Hg before adjustment (the highest was 210 mm Hg), and 20 ± 3.1 mm Hg after adjustment (P < 0.001). The incidence of postprocedural sore throat, hoarseness, and blood-streaked expectoration in the control group was significantly higher than in the study group. As the duration of endotracheal intubation increased, the incidence of sore throat and blood-streaked expectoration in the control group increased. The incidence of sore throat in the study group also increased with increasing duration of endotracheal intubation. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the 20 patients showed that the tracheal mucosa was injured in varying degrees in both groups, but the injury was more severe in the control group than in the study group. ETTc pressure estimated by palpation with personal experience is often much higher than measured or what may be optimal. Proper control of ETTc pressure by a manometer helped reduce ETT-related postprocedural respiratory complications such as cough, sore throat, hoarseness, and blood-streaked expectoration even in procedures of short duration (1-3 hours).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
                Elsevier
                0104-0014
                2352-2291
                07 February 2020
                Jan-Feb 2020
                07 February 2020
                : 70
                : 1
                : 9-14
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Cirurgia, Recife, PE, Brazil
                [b ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Faculdade de Medicina, Recife, PE, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. nadiaduarte2011@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0104-0014(20)30001-4
                10.1016/j.bjane.2020.02.001
                9373362
                32199655
                bfa206a4-f63b-477c-ab94-b26bf5793acb
                © 2020 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 5 August 2019
                : 27 September 2019
                Categories
                Scientific Article

                tracheal intubation,tracheal tube,cuff pressure,manometer,anesthesiologist,intubação traqueal,tubo traqueal,pressão do balonete,manômetro,anestesiologista

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