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      The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals

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          Abstract

          Giardia and Cryptosporidium are common enteric parasites of domestic animals, particularly dogs, cats and livestock. Their occurrence is of potential significance from both clinical and public health perspectives yet, until recently, confusion over the taxonomy of these organisms prevented a clear understanding of the epidemiology of infections with both Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The recent application of molecular epidemiological tools has helped to resolve taxonomic issues, allowing cycles of transmission to be determined. In addition, advances have been made in elucidating mechanisms associated with pathogenesis, whereas only limited progress has been achieved in the areas of chemotherapy and prophylaxis.

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          Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification.

          Daniel Upton, Ronald Fayer, U Morgan (2000)
          There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance for the dispersal, survival, and infectivity of the parasite and is of major importance for detection and identification. Because most oocysts measure 4-6 microm, appear nearly spherical, and have obscure internal structures, there are few or no morphometric features to differentiate species and in vitro cultivation does not provide differential data as for bacteria. Consequently, we rely on a combination of data from three tools: morphometrics, molecular techniques, and host specificity. Of 152 species of mammals reported to be infected with C. parvum or an indistinguishable organism, very few oocysts have ever been examined using more than one of these tools. This paper reviews the valid species of Cryptosporidium, their hosts and morphometrics; the reported hosts for the human pathogen, C. parvum; the mechanisms of transmission; the drinking water, recreational water, and food-borne outbreaks resulting from infection with C. parvum; and the microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods used to detect and identify species and genotypes.
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            Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite.

            Ronald Fayer (2004)
            Of 155 species of mammals reported to be infected with Cryptosporidium parvum or C. parvum-like organisms most animals are found in the Orders Artiodactyla, Primates, and Rodentia. Because Cryptosporidium from most of these animals have been identified by oocyst morphology alone with little or no host specificity and/or molecular data to support identification it is not known how many of the reported isolates are actually C. parvum or other species. Cryptosporidiosis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans, resulting primarily in diarrhea, and resulting in the most severe infections in immune-compromised individuals. Of 15 named species of Cryptosporidium infectious for nonhuman vertebrate hosts C. baileyi, C. canis, C. felis, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, and C. parvum have been reported to also infect humans. Humans are the primary hosts for C. hominis, and except for C. parvum, which is widespread amongst nonhuman hosts and is the most frequently reported zoonotic species, the remaining species have been reported primarily in immunocompromised humans. The oocyst stage can remain infective under cool, moist conditions for many months, especially where water temperatures in rivers, lakes, and ponds remain low but above freezing. Surveys of surface water, groundwater, estuaries, and seawater have dispelled the assumption that Cryptosporidium oocysts are present infrequently and in geographically isolated locations. Numerous reports of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis related to drinking water in North America, the UK, and Japan, where detection methods are in place, indicate that water is a major vehicle for transmission of cryptosporidiosis.
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              A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals

              Dirk DE Graaf, Emmanuel Vanopdenbosch, Luis Ortega-Mora … (1999)
              Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites with a large capacity to reproduce and to disseminate. Several species are known to infect farm animals, although the economic importance of cryptosporidiosis is highly host species dependent. This paper reviews the impact of cryptosporidial infections in livestock and poultry. For different farm animals, the Cryptosporidium spp. that occur, as well as their clinical and pathological features, and their interactions with other pathogens, are described. In addition, data concerning the prevalence, the transmission and the epidemiology of the disease are mentioned and a description of the economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis in each of the hosts is given. Cryptosporidiosis seems to be mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. Avian cryptosporidiosis is an emerging health problem in poultry, associated with respiratory disease in chickens and other Galliformes, and with intestinal disease in turkeys and quails. Because of limited availability of effective drugs, the control of cryptosporidiosis relies mainly on hygienic measures and good management.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                R.C. Andrew Thompson
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. J
                Title: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 1090-0233
                ISSN (Electronic): 1532-2971
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 November 2007
                Publication date (Print): July 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 November 2007
                Volume: 177
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 18-25
                Affiliations
                WHO Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 893602466; fax: +61 893606285. a.thompson@ 123456murdoch.edu.au
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1090-0233(07)00342-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.09.022
                PMC ID: 7128580
                PubMed ID: 18032076
                SO-VID: bf6411eb-f557-425c-bb57-e36eced725b5
                Copyright © Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date accepted : 21 September 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: giardia,cryptosporidium,dogs,cats,livestock,molecular epidemiology,public health,zoonoses
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: giardia, cryptosporidium, dogs, cats, livestock, molecular epidemiology, public health, zoonoses

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